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For years, cannabis operators have accepted labeling inefficiencies as an unavoidable cost of doing business. Yet, many facilities still rely on fragmented, manual workflows that require employees to export spreadsheets, copy cannabinoid results, and rekey intricate terpene data into static label templates. This traditional approach actively [...]
As CBD continues to grow in popularity across the UK, one of the most common questions consumers ask is whether they should choose full spectrum CBD or broad spectrum CBD. With multiple CBD types available, understanding the differences can help you make a more informed decision based on your lifestyle and personal preferences.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation (BTD) to VER-01, the flagship full-spectrum cannabis drug from Munich-based Vertanical, putting it in prime position to become the first FDA-approved cannabis-derived medicine for pain, and only the second such approval since Epidiolex in [...]
Women are increasingly turning to medical cannabis to manage conditions ranging from endometriosis and chronic pain to menopause symptoms and sexual dysfunction. But while interest in alternative treatments like cannabis-based medicines continues to grow, so too does a broader conversation about why so many women feel [...]
Words by Dave Barton, founder, Patient Panel and thermidor< As the British medical cannabis market continues to grow, this year’s Cannabis Europa brought together policymakers, investors, operators, and clinicians to discuss the future of medical cannabis. However, patients were asking a much simpler question: why can’t [...]
Every conversation about cannabis risk follows the same script: Regulatory uncertainty, 280E, capital access, and maybe interstate commerce, depending on the room. None of that is wrong, and operators dealing with those pressures daily don’t need me to tell them they’re real. But after more than [...]
Medical cannabis has been legal in the UK since 2018, but for many patients, taking or carrying their prescribed medication in public still comes with uncertainty. Since launching its legal support helpline, Releaf Protect, Releaf Cannabis Clinic says it has received increasing reports from patients experiencing [...]
In a new multi-clinic survey, the majority of UK patients being treated with medical cannabis for anxiety, depression, and PTSD report improvements in their symptoms. The survey gathered responses from 6,282 patients across the clinics Mamedica, Alternaleaf, CB1 Medical, and Curaleaf, including a 5,128-patient sub-cohort of [...]
Skip to main content Research Participation Can your photographs help change how people see medical cannabis patients? Researchers at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) want to hear from people in the UK who have a legal prescription for medical cannabis. By taking part, you can help show the world what life is really like as a prescribed patient. Study open now Takes around 1 hour Online, from home Fully confidential About the study The MedCan Project: Seeing Stigma — Liverpool John Moores University, 2025 Many people who use medical cannabis with a legal prescription still face unfair judgement from others. This can happen at work, in healthcare settings, or in everyday social life. The Seeing Stigma study wants to understand this experience from the inside, in your own words and through your own eyes. This study uses a method called Photovoice. You take photographs in your daily life, then share what those images mean to you. Your photographs become evidence. They help researchers, policymakers, and the public understand the reality of living as a prescribed medical cannabis patient in the UK. The research team has already taken patient stories to parliament. This is your chance to make your voice part of that conversation. What is Photovoice? Photovoice is a research method where you take photographs to tell your story. You do not need to be a photographer. You just need a mobile phone or camera and the ability to share a few images by email, along with a short note about what each photo means to you. There are no right or wrong answers. Who can take part? You are eligible if all three of the following apply to you. Aged 18 or over You must be an adult aged 18 or older to take part in this study. Living in the UK You must currently be living in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Prescribed patient or carer You are currently prescribed medical cannabis by a doctor, or you are a carer for someone who is. Important: prescriptions only This particular study is about medical cannabis used with a legal UK prescription. It does not include recreational cannabis use. If you are unsure whether you qualify, you can register your interest and the research team will confirm your eligibility. What would I need to do? Taking part is straightforward and entirely on your own terms. 1 Register your interest Complete a short online form. This does not commit you to anything. The team will send you a full information pack. 2 Take photographs Using any camera or mobile phone, take photos that represent your life as a prescribed patient. No photography experience is needed. 3 Share by email Send your photographs to the research team along with a few words about what each image means to you. 4 Optional interview You may be invited to a short online conversation about your photographs. You can say no, or stop at any point. Your privacy and safety Your wellbeing and confidentiality come first throughout this study. Protections in place All responses are fully confidential You can withdraw at any time, with no reason needed No questions you are uncomfortable answering Photos will only be used as agreed with you Ethically approved by LJMU (Ref: 24/LCP/005) Your name will never appear in published work without your consent Ready to get involved? Register your interest now. Completing the form takes just a few minutes and commits you to nothing. The research team will send you the full participant information pack and answer any questions you have. Register your interest About the MedCan Project Lead researcher Dr Lindsey Metcalf McGrath Principal Investigator, School of Justice Studies, Liverpool John Moores University Dr Metcalf McGrath leads the MedCan Project at LJMU. Her team has previously carried patient research directly to parliament. You can contact her directly if you have any questions before deciding whether to take part. Ethics ref: 24/LCP/005 Conducted by Liverpool John Moores University Social: @MedCanProject LJMU central: 0151 231 2121 References Metcalf McGrath, L. and Liverpool John Moores University (2025) MedCan Project: Seeing Stigma — Participant Information Sheet. Liverpool: LJMU School of Justice Studies. Available at: https://ljmu.questionpro.eu/MedCanProjectSeeingStigma (Accessed: 2 June 2025). Liverpool John Moores University (2025) Medical Cannabis Project — Research Participation. Liverpool: LJMU. Available at: https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/research/research-participation/medical-cannabis (Accessed: 2 June 2025). Wang, C. and Burris, M.A. (1997) ‘Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment’, Health Education and Behavior, 24(3), pp. 369–387. doi: 10.1177/109019819702400309.
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A free letter template and step-by-step guide to ask your NHS Trust to adopt a medical cannabis inpatient policy.
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The Hemp Beverage Expo (HBE) heads into its second show this June in Austin, Texas, and the energy is full speed ahead — even with November 12th looming over the industry. With policy updates shifting rapidly and operators scrambling to brainstorm contingency plans, getting in the [...]
Ocimene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Ocimene Beta-Ocimene, cis/trans-Ocimene pronounced: OH-sih-meen Sweet, tropical, and herbaceous. The lowest boiling point of the main terpenes. Monoterpene Boiling point: 50°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 50°C Primary aroma Sweet Key effect Uplifting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of ocimene is described as: SweetHerbaceousPerfumedCitrusTropical Found naturally in: Mint, parsley, orchids, mangoes, tarragon, basil Effects Linked Effects UpliftingEnergyAntiviralAntifungal These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Ocimene? Ocimene is a sweet, tropical terpene with a complex aroma that blends fresh herbs, citrus blossom, and a hint of fruit. Cannabis plants produce it partly as a natural defence against insects and pests. When a strain has a fresh, almost perfume-like quality to its smell, ocimene is often a significant contributor. It has the lowest boiling point of the main cannabis terpenes at around 50 degrees Celsius. This means it evaporates very quickly. Fresh or recently cured cannabis will have more ocimene aroma than older or poorly stored cannabis, where it will have largely evaporated. This is why it is most noticeable in very fresh flower (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Ocimene is associated with uplifting and energising effects, similar to limonene and terpinolene. It does not have as extensive a human evidence base as some other terpenes, but preclinical research has found antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties (Nuutinen, 2018). Its antiviral properties are of particular scientific interest. Studies have found that ocimene can inhibit the activity of certain viruses in cell cultures, though this is laboratory research and does not mean it treats viral infections in humans. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that it can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity, contributing to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Mint is one of the richer everyday sources of ocimene. The fresh, slightly sweet quality of mint that is distinct from its menthol sharpness comes partly from ocimene. Parsley, basil, and tarragon also contain it. Orchid flowers produce significant amounts of ocimene as a pollinator attractant. Mangoes contain a small but noticeable quantity, adding to their complex tropical aroma. Because it evaporates so easily, the best way to experience ocimene in everyday food is to eat fresh, uncooked herbs. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for ocimene’s antifungal and anticonvulsant activity in preclinical models. The antifungal properties are consistent across several studies and suggest potential clinical applications for fungal skin conditions, though human trials are lacking. Weil (2022) notes that ocimene’s presence in a strain profile is often a marker for fresh, recently harvested cannabis because of its volatility. LaVigne et al. (2021) confirmed that ocimene participates in cannabinoid receptor modulation alongside other cannabis terpenes, providing another mechanism through which it may contribute to the overall experience of a strain. Previous Humulene Next Alpha-Bisabolol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Weil, M. (2022) ‘Most common cannabis terpenes and what they do’, Cannigma. Available at: https://cannigma.com/plant/a-brief-history-of-terpenes/ (Accessed: 29 May 2026).
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Camphene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Camphene 2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane pronounced: KAM-feen Smells like a damp fir forest. May support healthy cholesterol levels. Monoterpene Boiling point: 159°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 159°C Primary aroma Damp Earth Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of camphene is described as: Damp EarthFir NeedlesCamphorForest Floor Found naturally in: Cypress, rosemary, ginger, nutmeg, valerian, sage Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatoryPain reliefAntioxidantCardiovascular These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Camphene? Camphene has a distinctive, damp, earthy aroma with strong fir tree and camphor notes. If you have ever walked through a coniferous forest after rain and noticed that sharp, resinous, almost medicinal smell, camphene is a significant part of it. It is also the compound that gives old-fashioned camphor mothballs their smell. In cannabis, camphene is usually a minor terpene but contributes to the overall earthy, woody character of certain strains. It is a bicyclic monoterpene, meaning its carbon ring structure is folded, which gives it a more complex and persistent smell than simpler linear terpenes (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Camphene has a surprisingly diverse preclinical evidence base. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed studies suggesting it has antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Perhaps most unusually among terpenes, there is also early evidence from animal studies that camphene may reduce blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. If confirmed in human trials, this cardiovascular effect would make camphene unique among the 12 terpenes profiled here. However, these are very early-stage findings and cannot be interpreted as evidence that cannabis products will improve cardiovascular health. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Rosemary contains camphene alongside pinene and other terpenes, contributing to its sharp, medicinal character. Ginger and nutmeg both contain camphene, adding to their warm, slightly medicinal warmth. Valerian root, widely sold as a sleep supplement, contains camphene as one of several active aromatic compounds. This may partly explain why valerian is associated with relaxation, though its main sedative compounds are different. Cypress essential oil is one of the richest non-cannabis sources. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the available evidence and noted camphene’s potential as an antilipidaemic agent based on animal studies, alongside its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The review flagged this as an area warranting further investigation in human subjects. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that camphene, alongside other cannabis terpenes, can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity, placing it within the entourage effect framework. Booth and Bohlmann (2019) noted that camphene’s presence in a cannabis terpene profile is often associated with strains grown in cooler climates, where its biosynthesis is favoured. Previous Guaiol Next Myrcene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.
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Guaiol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Guaiol Champacol pronounced: GWHY-ol A rare woody terpene from guaiacum wood. Highest boiling point of the 12. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 288°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 288°C Primary aroma Woody Pine Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of guaiol is described as: Woody PineCypressBalsamic EarthSandalwood Found naturally in: Guaiacum wood, cypress trees, lilac, pine Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatoryPain reliefAntibacterialAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Guaiol? Guaiol is a rare sesquiterpene alcohol with a deep, piney, and slightly rosy aroma reminiscent of sandalwood and cypress. It has the highest boiling point of the 12 terpenes covered here at 288 degrees Celsius, which means it evaporates last of all and contributes most strongly to the long-lasting woody base note of a strain. It takes its name from Guaiacum, a dense tropical hardwood tree from the Caribbean. Traditional medicine in that region has used guaiacum resin for centuries for conditions including arthritis. Guaiol is thought to be one of the active compounds responsible for these traditional uses (Nuutinen, 2018). Effects in detail What the Research Says Guaiol has been studied primarily for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Its high boiling point means it survives the heating process better than most other terpenes, which may make it particularly relevant for vaped or heated cannabis products where lower-boiling terpenes are lost. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed preclinical evidence for guaiol’s antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. It also appeared in the LaVigne et al. (2021) study as one of the sesquiterpenes capable of modulating cannabinoid receptor activity, contributing to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Guaiol is less common in everyday food than most other terpenes. It is found primarily in wood resins, cypress essential oil, and lilac. Pine needles contain a small amount. If you have ever smelled the inside of a freshly sawn hardwood log, the warm, resinous component of that smell likely contains guaiol. Some high-end perfumes use cypress essential oil as a base note, and guaiol is part of what gives cypress its distinctive, long-lasting woody character. It is also used in some traditional incense formulations. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) identified guaiol as having notable antibacterial properties in vitro, along with antioxidant activity. The review noted that guaiol’s high boiling point makes it a candidate for study in heated cannabis preparations where other terpenes would already have evaporated. LaVigne et al. (2021) included guaiol among the sesquiterpenes found to selectively enhance cannabinoid activity. This confirms that even relatively minor terpenes in cannabis can play a pharmacologically meaningful role in the overall profile of a product. Previous Trans-Nerolidol Next Camphene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.
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Trans-Nerolidol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Trans-Nerolidol Peruviol, Penetrol pronounced: tranz neh-ROL-ih-dol A soft, woody-floral terpene. Found in jasmine and tea tree. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 122°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 122°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Sleep support Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of trans-nerolidol is described as: WoodyRose-floralEarthy barkJasmineWaxy Found naturally in: Jasmine, tea tree, neroli, lemongrass, ginger Effects Linked Effects Sleep supportRelaxingCalmAntimicrobial These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Trans-Nerolidol? Trans-nerolidol has a complex, multi-layered scent that combines the woody warmth of bark with a soft, rose-like floral quality and a hint of jasmine. It is less common in cannabis than myrcene or linalool, but strains that contain it often have a particularly smooth, rounded aroma. It is found in jasmine, neroli (bitter orange blossom), and tea tree, and is used in the fragrance industry as a fixative: a compound that helps other scents last longer. In cannabis, it appears most often alongside myrcene and linalool in strains with a heavy, sedating character (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Nerolidol is most associated with sedative and sleep-supporting effects. It commonly appears in cannabis strains alongside myrcene and linalool, forming what some researchers describe as a sedating terpene triad. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed preclinical evidence for its sleep-promoting and anxiolytic properties. It also has notable antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties in laboratory studies. Research has found it effective against certain fungi and even against the malaria parasite in cell studies, though these are very early-stage findings with no clinical application at this time. LaVigne et al. (2021) confirmed cannabinoid receptor modulation. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Jasmine tea and jasmine-scented products are the easiest way to encounter nerolidol in everyday life. The deep, slightly waxy floral quality of jasmine is partly due to this terpene. Ginger root also contains nerolidol alongside other aromatic compounds. Tea tree oil contains nerolidol as a minor but important component. Its presence in tea tree alongside other terpenes like terpinene contributes to the oil’s broad antimicrobial activity. Neroli essential oil, derived from bitter orange blossom, is named in part because nerolidol was first isolated from it. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed nerolidol’s pharmacological profile, highlighting evidence for sedative, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antioxidant effects across multiple preclinical studies. The review noted that nerolidol’s skin penetration-enhancing properties make it relevant for topical cannabis formulations. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that nerolidol, alongside other sesquiterpenes, can selectively enhance cannabinoid activity, suggesting it plays a more active pharmacological role than simply contributing to aroma. Previous Alpha-Bisabolol Next Guaiol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.
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Alpha-Bisabolol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Alpha-Bisabolol α-Bisabolol, Levomenol pronounced: AL-fuh bih-SAB-oh-lol The chamomile terpene. Used in skin creams for centuries. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 153°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 153°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calm Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of alpha-bisabolol is described as: FloralSweetChamomile-likeHoneyPowdery Found naturally in: Chamomile, candeia wood, sage, sweet grass Effects Linked Effects CalmAnti-inflammatoryRelaxingSkin soothing These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Alpha-Bisabolol? Alpha-bisabolol has a gentle, sweet, floral aroma that is immediately recognisable as chamomile. It is the main active terpene in chamomile essential oil and has been used in skincare for hundreds of years. In cannabis, it tends to appear as a secondary terpene, adding a soft, powdery floral note to strains that contain it. As a sesquiterpene, it is a larger and heavier molecule than monoterpenes. This means it does not evaporate as quickly and can have a more persistent effect when applied to skin or inhaled. It is also one of the terpenes found in the KAST batch data on this site, appearing in several of the CSC Cannacosta strains (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Alpha-bisabolol has one of the strongest track records among terpenes for skin-related applications. It reduces redness and irritation, helps other ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively, and has been found to have antimicrobial properties. This is why it appears in so many pharmaceutical creams and lotions. In cannabis, its contribution to the overall experience is likely related to its calming and anti-inflammatory effects. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. Baram et al. (2022) found that bisabolol activates endocannabinoid receptors, adding to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Chamomile tea is the most accessible everyday source. The calming effect that chamomile tea is famous for is partly due to bisabolol and related compounds in the plant. When you drink a cup before bed, you are consuming a small amount of this terpene. Candeia wood (Eremanthus erythropappus), a tree native to Brazil, contains the highest natural concentrations of alpha-bisabolol and has historically been over-harvested to supply the cosmetics industry. Most commercial bisabolol is now produced synthetically or from sustainably managed sources. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed bisabolol’s pharmacological profile and noted evidence for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties. The review also highlighted its role as a penetration enhancer, meaning it can help other therapeutic compounds cross biological barriers more effectively. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed endocannabinoid receptor activity for bisabolol at physiologically relevant concentrations. Francomano et al. (2025) included it in their review of terpenes contributing to the entourage effect in cannabis medicines, noting particular interest in topical cannabis formulations. Previous Ocimene Next Trans-Nerolidol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Francomano, F. et al. (2025) ‘The entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products: a comprehensive review’, Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 378. doi: 10.3390/ph18030378. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.
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Humulene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Humulene α-Humulene, Alpha-Caryophyllene pronounced: HYOO-myoo-leen The hoppy terpene. Gives beer its herbal, earthy character. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 107°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 107°C Primary aroma Hoppy Key effect Pain relief Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of humulene is described as: HoppyEarthyWoodyHerbalBeer-like Found naturally in: Hops, sage, ginseng, coriander, basil Effects Linked Effects Pain reliefAnti-inflammatoryAppetite suppressantAntibacterial These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Humulene? Humulene is a sesquiterpene with a deep, earthy, and distinctly hoppy aroma. If you enjoy the smell of a good craft ale, you have experienced humulene. It is the dominant terpene in hops (Humulus lupulus), the plant used to flavour beer, and is found alongside beta-caryophyllene in many cannabis strains. It is sometimes called alpha-caryophyllene because the two molecules are closely related in structure. However, they have different shapes and slightly different aroma and pharmacological profiles. Humulene has a lower boiling point than caryophyllene, meaning it evaporates first when cannabis is heated (Nuutinen, 2018). Effects in detail What the Research Says Humulene has been studied primarily for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence showing that it can reduce inflammatory markers in cell studies. It is also one of the few terpenes associated with appetite suppression rather than stimulation, which makes it distinct from myrcene. Its anti-inflammatory effects may work alongside beta-caryophyllene when both are present in a strain, as the two terpenes share similar mechanisms through the endocannabinoid system. This interaction is an example of the entourage effect described by Russo (2011). Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Beer is the most obvious everyday source. Hoppy beers, particularly India Pale Ales and pale ales, contain the highest concentrations of humulene. The sharp, herbal bitterness of a hop-forward beer comes largely from this terpene. Sage and ginseng are notable non-hop sources. Traditional herbal medicine has used both of these plants for centuries, and researchers are now beginning to investigate whether humulene plays a role in their therapeutic effects. Coriander and basil also contain it in smaller amounts. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) provided a comprehensive review of humulene’s pharmacological properties, noting significant evidence for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activity in preclinical models. The review highlighted the potential for humulene to work synergistically with cannabinoids. Francomano et al. (2025) included humulene in their review of terpenes contributing to the entourage effect, noting that its combination with beta-caryophyllene in cannabis products may provide enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to either compound alone. Previous Terpinolene Next Ocimene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Francomano, F. et al. (2025) ‘The entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products: a comprehensive review’, Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 378. doi: 10.3390/ph18030378. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.
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Terpinolene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Terpinolene Delta-Terpinene pronounced: ter-PIN-oh-leen A rare, multi-layered scent. Piney, floral, and citrus all at once. Monoterpene Boiling point: 184°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 184°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Uplifting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of terpinolene is described as: WoodyPineyHerbalCitrus Blossom Found naturally in: Apples, lilac, limes, nutmeg, tea tree, cumin Effects Linked Effects UpliftingFocusEnergyAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Terpinolene? Terpinolene is one of the more unusual cannabis terpenes because it does not smell like just one thing. It has a complex, multi-layered aroma that mixes pine and wood with a hint of fresh flowers and citrus blossom. People often describe it as smelling like a spring garden. It is less common than myrcene or limonene and tends to appear as a dominant terpene only in certain sativa-leaning strains. When it is the dominant terpene in a strain, that strain usually has a distinctly fresh, bright character (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Terpinolene is most often associated with uplifting and energising effects. Unlike myrcene, which tends toward sedation, strains dominant in terpinolene are more likely to feel activating and mentally clarifying. Some users report improved focus and creativity. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for terpinolene’s antioxidant and possible anticancer properties in preclinical settings. It has also been found to have mild sedative effects in some animal studies at higher doses, which shows that the same terpene can have different effects depending on dose and context. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Terpinolene is found in apples, giving them part of their fresh, slightly floral scent. Lilac flowers are particularly rich in it, as is nutmeg. Tea tree oil contains significant amounts of terpinolene, contributing to its sharp, medicinal smell. Limes contain more terpinolene than lemons, which partly explains why limes have a slightly more complex scent than lemons despite both being citrus fruits. Cumin seeds also contain it, alongside other spicy terpenes. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) identified terpinolene as having notable antioxidant activity in cell studies, and noted potential antiproliferative effects in cancer cell lines in vitro. These findings are very early-stage and cannot be interpreted as evidence of a treatment or cure. The available evidence base for terpinolene is smaller than for myrcene or linalool. Weil (2022) highlights it as a terpene worthy of further investigation given its prevalence in certain strain profiles and its distinctive psychoactive character. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that terpinolene, like other cannabis terpenes, can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity. Previous Linalool Next Humulene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Weil, M. (2022) ‘Most common cannabis terpenes and what they do’, Cannigma. Available at: https://cannigma.com/plant/a-brief-history-of-terpenes/ (Accessed: 29 May 2026).
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Linalool – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Linalool Linalool alcohol pronounced: lin-AL-oh-ol The calming lavender terpene. Found in over 200 plant species. Monoterpene Boiling point: 198°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 198°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calm Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of linalool is described as: FloralLavenderSweet HerbSage Found naturally in: Lavender, mint, coriander, rosewood, jasmine Effects Linked Effects CalmSleep supportRelaxingAnti-anxiety These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Linalool? Linalool is the terpene responsible for lavender’s famous calming scent. It is one of the most widely distributed terpenes in nature, appearing in over 200 different plants including mint, coriander, and many trees. When a cannabis strain has a soft, floral, slightly soapy smell, linalool is usually the reason. Unlike some terpenes that are present only in small amounts, linalool can be a major component in certain cannabis strains. It is a monoterpene alcohol, which gives it a slightly heavier, more complex character than simpler terpenes like limonene (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Linalool has one of the strongest bodies of evidence among cannabis terpenes for calming and sleep-supporting effects. Weston-Green et al. (2021) reviewed studies showing that inhaled linalool can reduce anxiety-like behaviour in animals, and that it appears to enhance the activity of GABA, a brain chemical that promotes relaxation and sleep. Abstrax Tech (2023) conducted studies with Western Washington University finding that a combination of linalool and myrcene produced notable anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed that linalool activates CB1 and CB2 receptors, adding to its known mechanisms of action. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Lavender is the most obvious everyday source. Lavender oil, widely sold in pharmacies and health shops, is mostly linalool. It is the active ingredient that makes lavender pillows and sleep sprays effective for some people. Coriander seeds contain high amounts too, which contributes to their floral, slightly soapy flavour. Linalool is one of the most commonly used fragrance ingredients in the world. It is found in many shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics, as well as in some foods as a natural flavouring. It is generally considered safe at typical exposure levels. Research Key Studies Weston-Green et al. (2021) specifically reviewed linalool alongside alpha-pinene as a potential medicine for brain health. They found preclinical evidence for anti-anxiety, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects. The authors noted that the evidence base is growing but human clinical trials are still limited. Abstrax Tech (2023) reported collaborative research demonstrating anxiolytic synergy between linalool and myrcene, suggesting that terpene combinations may be more powerful than individual compounds. This supports the broader entourage effect framework described by Russo (2011). Previous Beta-Caryophyllene Next Terpinolene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Abstrax Tech (2023) Linalool and beta-myrcene anxiolytic study with Western Washington University. Available at: https://abstraxtech.com/pages/terpene-research (Accessed: 29 May 2026). Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Weston-Green, K. et al. (2021) ‘A review of the potential use of pinene and linalool as terpene-based medicines for brain health’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 583211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583211.
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Beta-Caryophyllene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Beta-Caryophyllene β-Caryophyllene (BCP) pronounced: BAY-tuh kair-ee-oh-FIL-een The only terpene that acts like a cannabinoid. Activates CB2 receptors directly. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 130°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 130°C Primary aroma Spicy Key effect Pain relief Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of beta-caryophyllene is described as: SpicyPepperyWoodyWarm Clove Found naturally in: Black pepper, cloves, cinnamon, oregano, copaiba Effects Linked Effects Pain reliefAnti-inflammatoryCalmNeuroprotective These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Beta-Caryophyllene? Beta-caryophyllene is unique among terpenes. While most terpenes add to the cannabis experience through aroma and indirect effects, beta-caryophyllene can directly activate a receptor in the body called CB2. This is the same type of receptor that CBD works on. Because of this, some scientists classify it as a dietary cannabinoid as well as a terpene (Hashiesh et al., 2021). It is a sesquiterpene, meaning it is a larger molecule than monoterpenes like myrcene or limonene. This makes it less volatile and it tends to linger in the smell of a strain longer. Its aroma is immediately recognisable: the sharp, spicy heat of freshly ground black pepper (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Because beta-caryophyllene binds to CB2 receptors, it can influence inflammation and immune responses. CB2 receptors are found mainly outside the brain, particularly in immune cells, which means BCP can affect inflammation without causing psychoactive effects (Hashiesh et al., 2021). Preclinical studies have found potential benefits for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and even neuroprotection. Russo (2011) identified it as one of the most clinically interesting terpenes precisely because of its direct receptor activity. Research is ongoing into its potential for conditions involving chronic pain and inflammation. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Black pepper is the richest everyday source. When you smell a pepper grinder, the spicy, slightly woody warmth is beta-caryophyllene. Cloves and cinnamon also contain high amounts, and it is a significant component of oregano, basil, and rosemary. Copaiba oil, used in traditional Amazonian medicine and now sold as a wellness supplement, contains very high concentrations of beta-caryophyllene. Some researchers studying copaiba’s anti-inflammatory properties believe BCP is the active ingredient responsible for its effects. Research Key Studies The landmark paper that established beta-caryophyllene as a CB2 agonist was published by Gertsch et al. (2008), though it is cited through Hashiesh et al. (2021) in this guide’s scope. Hashiesh and colleagues reviewed the broad pharmacological evidence and concluded that BCP has significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory and neuropathic conditions. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed that BCP activates CB2 at concentrations found in cannabis products, strengthening the case for its clinical relevance. Its non-psychoactive nature makes it particularly interesting as a potential therapeutic target. Previous Alpha-Pinene Next Linalool Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Hashiesh, H.S. et al. (2021) ‘A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of beta-caryophyllene’, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 140, 111639. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111639. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.
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LeafLink’s Wholesale Cannabis Pricing Guide, drawing on over 400,000 SKUs and billions of dollars in transaction data across 18 U.S. markets throughout 2025, paints a picture of the wholesale cannabis pricing continuing its downward march as markets mature and supply expands — with each market and [...]
Creatine has long been one of the most popular gym supplements in the fitness industry. Traditionally available as creatine powders and capsules, creatine is widely used by athletes, gym-goers and active individuals looking to support strength, workout performance and muscle recovery. Now, a new trend is quickly taking over, creatine gummies.
The April 2026 Department of Justice rescheduling order landed with the weight of a decade of advocacy behind it. For an industry that has watched every other legal sector deduct its rent, payroll, and marketing costs while cannabis operators paid taxes on money they never made, [...]
Former heavyweight boxing contender Derek Chisora has revealed he is using prescribed medical cannabis to manage chronic pain following more than 20 years in professional boxing. Chisora is now launching WarOnPain a new platform designed to support the 28 million people living with chronic pain and [...]
Devon Partnership NHS Trust has formally approved CD21, a Standard Operating Procedure that gives medical cannabis patients a clear, safe pathway to continue their lawful prescriptions while admitted to hospital. Here is what it means for you.
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Researchers at King’s College London say they have identified several molecular pathways that may help explain how heavy cannabis use can contribute to psychosis, in findings they believe could eventually support earlier risk detection and more targeted treatments. While previous research has suggested that cannabis use [...]
Pre-rolls generated $4 billion in sales in 2025 and are projected to grow faster than any other top cannabis category, at a 10% compound annual growth rate, according to BDSA retail tracking data. Infused formats now account for 43% of the segment, and the category has [...]
As more people focus on healthier lifestyles, the demand for low calorie supplements and wellness gummies continues to rise. Many consumers are now looking for convenient alternatives to traditional tablets and capsules, especially products that feel easier to fit into busy modern routines. From weight management goals to calorie conscious eating habits, gummies are becoming one of the most popular supplement formats in the UK.
One of the biggest concerns for people trying to maintain a healthy lifestyle is consistency. Traditional supplements can sometimes feel inconvenient, difficult to swallow or unpleasant in taste. In comparison, Healthy Gummies offer a more enjoyable and accessible option. Many people prefer gummies because they are simple to take, portable and available in a variety of flavours that make wellness routines feel less like a chore.
According to a survey by the International Food Information Council, 73% of consumers are actively trying to make healthier food and beverage choices. This growing focus on wellness has increased demand for more convenient and enjoyable supplement formats, including gummies and low-calorie wellness products.
Another reason low calorie gummies are trending is the growing awareness around calorie intake and ingredient transparency. Many consumers looking for diet supplements or fitness supplements now check labels carefully and prefer products that fit within balanced eating habits. Low calorie wellness gummies can provide a practical solution for people who want to avoid overly sugary snacks while still enjoying a convenient supplement option.
Natural ingredients are also playing a major role in purchasing decisions. Many shoppers are moving away from products filled with artificial additives and are instead searching for wellness products made with carefully selected ingredients. This shift has contributed to the popularity of natural wellness gummies, particularly among people looking for modern alternatives to traditional supplement routines.
At Supreme CBD, gummies remain one of the most popular product categories because they combine convenience, flavour and simplicity. Consumers looking for wellness gummies can explore a wide range of options designed to fit into daily routines, whether they are new to supplements or already follow established wellness habits.
While traditional capsules and tablets still have their place, Wellness Gummies or CBD Gummies continue to appeal to people searching for easier, more enjoyable and calorie conscious supplement options. As modern wellness trends evolve, Low Calorie Edibles are becoming a preferred choice for consumers looking to balance convenience, flavour and healthier lifestyle goals.
A global initiative, known as the Women’s Cannabis Project, has developed a new policy framework aimed at expanding access to medical cannabis for women’s health conditions across Europe, following a series of advocacy wins in the US. The framework, developed by the organisation’s European Advisory Council, [...]
SOCi’s 2026 Local Visibility Index analyzed more than 350,000 business locations across 2,751 brands and found a gap every dispensary operator should take seriously. ChatGPT recommends 1.2% of those locations. Perplexity recommends 7.4%. Gemini reaches 11%. Google’s local 3-pack surfaces 35.9% of the same locations. That [...]
Packing is meant to provide protection and preservation for the contents, but some products require an additional layer of safety. Just like cannabis related products, they can’t be packed in unreliable packaging that poses the risk of degradation of the quality. In this article, we’ll explore [...]
New Bedrocan® Concentrate Opens Up More Ways to Take Your Prescription – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Industry News · Prescribing Options A trusted flower,now in a new form Bedrocan® — the world’s most prescribed pharmaceutical cannabis flower — is set to become available as a standardised extract concentrate for the first time. For patients, that could mean the same trusted medicine available in more ways than ever before. PatientsCann UK · Industry News · 19 May 2026 Jump to: What Is It? Formulations Why It Matters Timeline 20+ years of Bedrocan® pharmaceutical cannabis production trusted by doctors worldwide 70% THC concentration in the new Becanex PIEX Bedrocan® extract — preserving the full cannabinoid and terpene fingerprint 5+ preparation formats now possible from a single standardised concentrate, from capsules to inhalation 2026 Target launch date for pharmacy ordering across Europe, with Germany as the first market What Is It? The Bedrocan® flower you know — in concentrated form If you have been prescribed Bedrocan® flower, you will know it as one of the most consistent and well-studied pharmaceutical cannabis products available. Grown in EU-GMP-certified facilities in the Netherlands and Denmark by Bedrocan International, it has been the benchmark for standardised medical cannabis for more than two decades. Now, that same product is set to take a new form. Berlin-based extraction specialist Becanex GmbH has developed the Becanex PIEX Bedrocan® 70% THC Concentrate — an extract that, for the first time, brings the full cannabinoid and terpene fingerprint of the Bedrocan® flower into a standardised, pharmacist-ready concentrate. The extract is produced using Becanex’s proprietary PIEX (Plant-Identical Extraction) process, which is specifically designed to preserve what makes a particular cannabis strain therapeutically distinctive. In simpler terms: this is not a generic cannabis extract. It is Bedrocan® in a bottle — the same profile, in a versatile new format. What makes it different from other extracts? Many cannabis extracts are produced to isolate one or two cannabinoids — often just THC or CBD — and discard the rest. The PIEX method takes a different approach, retaining the full spectrum of naturally occurring cannabinoids and terpenes in proportions that match the original flower. Becanex describes this as “a fingerprint” of the source material, and that precision matters clinically: the interaction between cannabinoids and terpenes — sometimes called the entourage effect — is increasingly recognised as relevant to therapeutic outcomes. The result is a concentrate that is both highly potent (at 70% THC) and pharmacologically familiar to doctors and pharmacists who have already been prescribing Bedrocan® flower. “We have always been precise about how we grow our cannabis. Becanex is equally precise about how they extract it. That shared attention to detail is what makes this product worth putting in front of pharmacists, prescribers and patients. The concentrate now enables doctors to prescribe our main product Bedrocan® in multiple compounding formulations.” Jaap Erkelens — CEO, Bedrocan International Formulations More ways for pharmacists to prepare your medicine One of the most significant implications of this product for patients is flexibility. A standardised concentrate that sits in a pharmacy’s dispensary can be compounded into a wide range of preparation formats, tailored to what works best for each individual. The Becanex PIEX Bedrocan® concentrate is specifically designed for the following preparations: Oral solution Capsules Suppositories Topical forms Inhalation dosage Vaporisation What this means in practice for patients For patients currently prescribed Bedrocan® flower, this is particularly significant. If inhalation becomes difficult — whether due to respiratory concerns, lifestyle factors, or simply personal preference — a concentrated extract from the same strain could potentially be offered as an oral or capsule-based alternative, without switching to an entirely different product. The vaporisation option is also noteworthy: the concentrate can be vaporised directly, giving patients an additional inhalation route alongside the flower. This kind of flexibility within a single, consistent product profile is exactly the kind of development that helps both patients and prescribers make evidence-informed adjustments over time. It is important to note that any change to your prescription formulation must always be discussed with and authorised by your prescribing specialist. The availability of a new format does not mean your prescription changes automatically — it expands the options your clinician can consider for you. “Patients who have found a cannabis strain that works well for them shouldn’t have to compromise if they need it in a different form. With Bedrocan as our partner, we can now offer prescribers exactly that — building on a strain they already know and trust.” Sebastian Kamphorst — Director, Becanex GmbH Why It Matters Why standardisation matters for patients Consistency you can rely on One of the greatest frustrations for patients on prescribed cannabis is variability. A standardised extract — manufactured under GMP conditions from a named, controlled cultivar — reduces that uncertainty. You and your prescriber know what to expect. No need to start from scratch For patients and doctors who have already found that Bedrocan® works, this product preserves that relationship. Switching formulation format does not mean re-establishing which strain or cannabinoid profile is therapeutically appropriate. Pharmacist flexibility Compounding pharmacies are central to how many patients receive their prescribed cannabis. A concentrate designed specifically for compounding gives pharmacists more tools to prepare bespoke preparations that suit individual clinical needs. Germany first, Europe next Germany is the first market for the launch, which reflects its position as the most developed regulated medical cannabis market in Europe. UK patients should watch this development closely — it signals the direction of travel for product diversity across Europe. A decade in the making This collaboration is not simply a commercial arrangement — it has roots going back more than ten years. As early as 2014, the founding team behind Becanex worked with Bedrocan under a scientific licence to develop the first extracts from the Bedrocan® flower. At the time, the regulatory framework to bring such a product to market did not exist. Today, it does. Kamphorst reflects on this directly: the team is not
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It's becoming increasingly clear that the gut plays a pivotal role in overall well-being, extending far beyond simple digestion. The "gut-brain axis" highlights the intricate communication network between our digestive system and our brain, influencing everything from mood to cognitive function. Here's a closer look:
The Microbiome's Influence:
Our gut is home to trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiome. This complex ecosystem plays a vital role in producing neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that influence brain function.
An imbalance in the gut microbiome, known as dysbiosis, has been linked to various mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression.
The Vagus Nerve:
The vagus nerve acts as a direct communication line between the gut and the brain, transmitting signals that influence mood, stress response, and cognitive function.
Inflammation:
Chronic inflammation in the gut can trigger systemic inflammation, which can affect the brain and contribute to neurological disorders.
Turkey Tail Mushroom offer several potential benefits for gut health, which can indirectly support brain wellbeing:
Prebiotic Effects:
Turkey tail is rich in polysaccharides, which act as prebiotics. Prebiotics feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut, promoting a healthy and balanced microbiome.
By fostering a thriving gut microbiome, turkey tail may help improve the production of neurotransmitters and support healthy communication along the gut-brain axis.
Anti-inflammatory Properties:
The antioxidants in turkey tail can help reduce inflammation in the gut, which may minimize systemic inflammation and its negative impact on the brain.
By helping to modulate the immune responses within the gut, it is thought that Turkey tail can help to create a more balanced gut environment.
Supporting a healthy gut lining:
A healthy gut lining is essential for keeping unwanted substances from entering the blood stream. By supporting the gut lining, turkey tail can help to improve overall gut health.
In essence, by promoting a healthy gut microbiome and reducing inflammation, turkey tail supplements may contribute to improved gut-brain communication and support overall mental and emotional well-being.
New users of CBD products can have lots of questions they want to be answered. One of the questions we often get, is how long will CBD stay in your system for? Check out our full, comprehensive guide to find out more.
Skin breakouts can affect confidence at any age. From hormonal changes and stress to excess oil and environmental factors, many people in the UK are searching for gentle and effective skincare for spots. As interest in natural wellness products continues to grow, CBD skincare has become one of the most talked-about trends for problem skin solutions.
Choosing between glass and plastic packaging for cannabis concentrates is a strategic decision with downstream consequences for product integrity, compliance, consumer perception, margins, and brand positioning. This article compares the two materials across five dimensions and offers a decision framework for operators to match packaging to [...]
Medical Cannabis & Women’s Health – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Women’s Health · Patient Education Medical cannabisand women’s health From menstrual pain to menopause, endometriosis to anxiety, a growing body of research and real patient experience is reshaping how women access and use prescribed cannabis in the UK. Here is what the evidence says, and what it means for you. PatientsCann UK · Women’s Health Series · 18 May 2026 Jump to: Conditions The Evidence Getting Access FAQs References ~10% of women of reproductive age are estimated to have endometriosis 1 70% of women with endometriosis report inadequate pain relief from standard medicines 2 8 yrs average diagnostic delay for endometriosis in the UK 3 51% of women who used cannabis for menopause symptoms reported improved sleep 4 Conditions What conditions can prescribed cannabis help with? Prescribed cannabis is not a cure. What the evidence increasingly shows is that for many women living with difficult-to-treat conditions, it offers meaningful relief where other medicines have failed. Select a condition to explore what the research says. Endometriosis PMDD & PMS Menopause Mental Health Chronic Pain Emerging Evidence Endometriosis Endometriosis affects an estimated one in ten women of reproductive age, that’s around 1.5 million people in the UK alone1. Despite this, it takes an average of eight years to receive a diagnosis3, and many women reach that point having already tried, and found inadequate, multiple analgesic and hormonal treatments. The endocannabinoid system plays a role in pain modulation, inflammation, and tissue growth, and receptors are found in endometrial tissue itself. A 2021 preclinical review in the Journal of Clinical Medicine found that cannabinoid receptor activation suppressed endometrial cell proliferation and reduced inflammatory signalling5. Human studies remain limited, but a 2023 Australian survey of over 400 women with endometriosis found that those using cannabis reported significant reductions in pelvic pain, period pain, and pain during intercourse6. Prescribed cannabis is not a cure and does not address the underlying lesions. However, for patients whose pain is not adequately controlled by conventional medicines, it may represent a meaningful additional tool when prescribed and monitored appropriately. In practice UK clinics are prescribing for endometriosis-associated pain where patients have not responded adequately to at least two prior treatments. Specialist referral is required. Key research Sinclair et al. (2021)5; Armour et al. (2023)6 — see full references below. Emerging Evidence PMDD & PMS Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of PMS affecting approximately 5–8% of women7. Symptoms which can include; debilitating mood changes, pain, and insomnia, are cyclical and linked to fluctuating oestrogen and progesterone levels, which directly interact with the endocannabinoid system. Endocannabinoid tone appears to fluctuate across the menstrual cycle. Research has suggested that lower circulating levels of the body’s own cannabinoid anandamide may contribute to the heightened pain sensitivity and mood dysregulation seen in PMDD8. While no large randomised controlled trials have been completed in PMDD specifically, survey data and case series have reported patient-perceived benefit for pain, mood, and sleep symptoms. CBD and balanced THC:CBD preparations are being explored at specialist clinics in the UK. Clinicians emphasise that PMDD is still an evolving area and that patients should document symptoms carefully before and after initiation. What patients report Many patients describe using low-dose CBD preparations in the luteal phase of their cycle for mood and sleep support, alongside conventional SSRI or SNRI treatment if prescribed. Important note PMDD must be formally assessed and distinguished from other mood disorders. Access to prescribed cannabis for PMDD remains limited and is considered on a case-by-case basis. Growing Evidence Menopause Declining oestrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause reduce the density and sensitivity of endocannabinoid receptors, which may partly explain why symptoms such as sleep disruption, hot flushes, mood changes, and pain often intensify during this transition9. A 2022 cross-sectional study published in Menopause surveyed 258 peri- and postmenopausal women and found that 86% of those using cannabis did so to manage symptoms, with improved sleep reported by 51%, reduced anxiety by 30%, and reduced hot flushes by 27%4. Use was predominantly self-initiated rather than prescribed, which highlights the unmet need that prescribed access could address more safely. Research from the US and Canada, where prescribing frameworks are more established, is increasingly informing UK clinical practice. UK clinicians are considering prescribed cannabis for menopausal insomnia and pain particularly where hormone replacement therapy is contraindicated or declined. Symptom focus Sleep disruption, night sweats, anxiety, joint pain, and vaginal dryness are the symptoms most commonly cited by patients seeking prescribed cannabis during menopause. HRT interaction Always inform your prescriber if you are using HRT or other hormonal therapies. There are no confirmed dangerous interactions, but a complete picture of your medicines is essential for safe prescribing. Context-Dependent Mental Health Women experience anxiety and depression at approximately twice the rate of men10, and the relationship between hormonal cycles and mental health is well established. The endocannabinoid system regulates fear extinction, stress response, and emotional processing, making it a plausible therapeutic target. CBD has the most consistent evidence for anxiolytic effects, with a 2019 systematic review in The Permanente Journal finding that 79% of participants experienced reduced anxiety scores following CBD use11. For PTSD, which disproportionately affects women, preliminary trial data supports THC:CBD preparations in reducing nightmare frequency and hyperarousal12. Caution is warranted. High-THC preparations can exacerbate anxiety in some patients, particularly those with a personal or family history of psychosis. Prescribed cannabis for mental health is approached conservatively in UK clinics and is never the first or only intervention. Mood & sleep Insomnia is a recognised prescribing indication where standard treatments have been tried. Many patients with mood disorders find sleep improvement is the most tangible initial benefit. Please note If you are experiencing a mental health crisis, please contact your GP, the Samaritans (116 123), or SHOUT (text 85258) before pursuing any new medicine. Strongest Evidence Base Chronic Pain Chronic pain is the most established indication for prescribed cannabis in the UK. Women carry a disproportionate burden
<p>The post Women’s Health first appeared on PatientsCann UK®.</p>
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<p>The post Landmark Ruling for Safety-Critical Role first appeared on PatientsCann UK®.</p>
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