Cannabis, a plant with a rich cultural history, has been used for medicinal, recreational, and spiritual purposes across diverse ethnic backgrounds. However, the perception and use of cannabis vary significantly due to cultural norms, religious beliefs, and political contexts. In this article, we explore the stigma associated with cannabis, the challenges faced by ethnic communities in the UK, and offer guidance for those seeking medical cannabis treatment.

1. Stigma and Stereotypes

1.1 Cultural Perceptions

Cultural norms shape how cannabis is perceived. Some communities view it as a sacred herb, while others associate it with criminality. These perceptions influence usage patterns and access to cannabis. For instance, within the British South Asian community, cannabis may be seen negatively due to associations with criminal behaviour and the cultural emphasis on maintaining family honour and respectability.

1.2 Religious Perspectives

Religious beliefs impact cannabis use. For instance:

• Rastafarians consider cannabis (or “ganja”) a sacrament, integral to their spiritual practices and a means to attain higher consciousness.
• Hinduism associates cannabis with Lord Shiva and uses it in religious ceremonies like Holi and Maha Shivaratri, but its use is not universally accepted among all Hindus.
• Sikhism generally discourages the use of intoxicants, including cannabis, though there are historical contexts where it has been used by certain sects.
• Islam generally prohibits cannabis use, viewing it as an intoxicant, though interpretations and adherence to this prohibition can vary widely among different Muslim communities.

1.3 Political Context

Historical and political factors contribute to stigma. In the UK, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 originally criminalised cannabis, leading to a disproportionate impact on ethnic minority communities. For instance, Black Britons are significantly more likely to be stopped and searched for drugs than their white counterparts, despite similar usage rates. However, since November 2018, medical cannabis has been legal in the UK, reflecting changes in the Misuse of Drugs Act to accommodate its therapeutic use. Despite this, there remains significant stigma and confusion about the legal status and medical use of cannabis.

2. Challenges Faced by Ethnic Communities

2.1 Socioeconomic Disparities

• Poverty and Unemployment: These issues are linked to drug use, affecting minority communities disproportionately. Limited access to education and employment opportunities can push individuals toward the cannabis trade as a means of economic survival.
• Healthcare Access: Disparities in healthcare access and insurance coverage can affect the ability to seek legal medical cannabis treatment, perpetuating cycles of illegal use and associated stigma.

2.2 Access and Convenience

• Availability: People with experience of drug use often find cannabis easy to access, especially in urban areas where illicit markets thrive. This accessibility can contribute to higher usage rates and complicate efforts to control and regulate cannabis within these communities.
• Usage Patterns: In areas where cannabis is easily available, individuals might prefer it over other substances, despite potential legal risks.

2.3 Mental Health and Coping Mechanisms

• Coping with Stress: Some individuals turn to cannabis as a treatment for stress, trauma, or mental health issues. This is particularly relevant in minority communities where exposure to systemic racism, economic hardship, and violence can contribute to higher levels of psychological distress.
• Stigma Around Mental Health: Cultural stigma around mental health may hinder seeking professional help. In many ethnic communities, discussing mental health is taboo, leading individuals to self-medicate with cannabis rather than seeking appropriate medical or psychological care.

2.4 Stigma within Health Systems

• Healthcare Bias: Ethnic minorities often face stigma not only within their communities but also from healthcare providers. This can result in biassed treatment, misdiagnosis, or underdiagnosis of conditions that could be treated with medical cannabis.
• Disclosure Fears: Fear of judgement or legal repercussions can deter individuals from disclosing cannabis use to their healthcare providers, leading to a lack of comprehensive care and support.

3. Guidance for Medical Cannabis Seekers

3.1 Breaking the Silence

• Encourage Open Conversations: Within families and communities, open conversations about health needs can help destigmatise the use of cannabis for medical purposes. Community leaders and healthcare providers can play a pivotal role in normalising these discussions.
• Support Networks: Seek support from trusted friends, family, or healthcare providers. Building a supportive network can help navigate the complexities of seeking medical cannabis treatment.

3.2 Research and Education

• Understanding Benefits and Risks: Educate yourself about how cannabis can be used to treat specific conditions. Reliable sources include peer-reviewed studies, medical professionals, and patient advocacy groups like PatientsCann UK.
• Consult Professionals: Not all information found online is accurate; hence, it’s important to verify facts with qualified healthcare providers who understand the therapeutic use of cannabis.

3.3 Legal Considerations

• Awareness of Laws: Be aware of local laws and regulations regarding cannabis use. Since November 2018, medical cannabis has been legal in the UK, but it is regulated and requires a prescription from a specialist.
• Legal Avenues: Explore legal avenues for accessing medical cannabis. This might include obtaining a prescription from a specialist, understanding NHS or private healthcare provisions, and knowing the legal limits of possession and use.

Conclusion

Ethnic diversity enriches our understanding of cannabis. By addressing stigma, advocating for equitable access, and fostering informed discussions, we can create a more inclusive and supportive environment for all individuals seeking cannabis-related health solutions. Recognising the unique challenges faced by ethnic communities in the UK and working towards solutions that consider cultural, religious, and socioeconomic factors will enhance the effectiveness of cannabis as a therapeutic option.

Remember, your health matters, and seeking help is a sign of strength. Overcoming stigma and accessing appropriate treatment requires collective effort and awareness.

Written by: Mohammad I Wasway

Sources:

Non-opiate and cannabis drug use in minority ethnic groups https://natcen.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/1.%20Non-opiate%20and%20cannabis%20drug%20use%20in%20minority%20ethnic%20groups_final%20report_final_v4.pdf

Non-opiate and cannabis drug use in minority ethnic groups. https://natcen.ac.uk/publications/non-opiate-and-cannabis-drug-use-minority-ethnic-groups

Transcultural Aspects of…. : …. Cannabis Use across Cultures – Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40429-023-00500-8 

Fifty years of the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: the legislative …. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-08-2021-0038/full/html

Drugs, Drug Harms and Drug Laws in the UK: Lessons from History …. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mind-state-and-society/drugs-drug-harms-and-drug-laws-in-the-uk-lessons-from-history/153A64EE6D0F709C183706251C03014F

17 June, 2021 – Release. https://www.release.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/Release%27s%20Briefing%20Paper%20-%20Misuse%20of%20Drugs%20Act%20Debate%20-%2017th%20June%202021.pdf