Case study REX v Saleem Aziz Acquitted Cleared in court: a medical cannabis patient’s drug driving appeal Sal Aziz was stopped by police, charged, and convicted. Then the Crown Court overturned it. Here is what happened, what the law really says, and what it means for patients, police, lawyers, and the courts. PatientsCann UK Drug driving and the medical defence Winchester Crown Court, 10 February 2026 Read the full report (PDF) On this page The story What happened The law Four myths Medical and science The evidence Why it was won What is broken Guidance Case file References This is not legal or medical advice This is a personal account and a public resource, based on real case papers, public reports, and the author’s understanding of the law. If you face a drug driving charge, get advice from a qualified solicitor and your medical team where you can. This case is a strong example, but every case turns on its own facts and evidence. The case at a glance Blood THC 3.6 micrograms per litre of blood, over the 2 microgram limit. Charges Two, under sections 4 and 5A of the Road Traffic Act 1988. Hearings Three court hearings before the right result was reached. Outcome Cleared. The conviction was overturned at the Crown Court. Overview The story in short Sal Aziz is a patient who is legally prescribed medical cannabis. In March 2024, police stopped the car he was driving as friends were being taken home from an event. He passed the roadside alcohol test. He told the officer straight away that he was a prescribed patient. A roadside drug swab showed cannabis, and he was asked to do a set of roadside tasks called a Field Impairment Test. He was arrested. A blood test later showed 3.6 micrograms of THC per litre of blood. The legal limit is 2 micrograms per litre. He was charged under two parts of the Road Traffic Act 1988: section 4 (driving while unfit) and section 5A (driving over the drug limit). The magistrates’ court dropped the section 4 charge but found him guilty of the section 5A offence. He was fined and banned from driving for 36 months. He appealed. On 10 February 2026, at Winchester Crown Court, Sal Aziz was cleared. The prosecution could not prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that his medical defence did not apply. The prosecution had argued his medicine was unlawful because more than 30 days had passed since the prescription, and because it was past its labelled use-by date. The court rejected this. The pharmacist expert, Umesh Chauhan, agreed that the “30 days” idea is best-practice guidance, not criminal law. The judge compared it to drinking milk after its best-before date. Passing the date does not make it unlawful to use. Crown Court reasoning, as described in the report Step by step What happened 1 About seven months before the stop A separate police encounter about his prescribed cannabis caused him serious distress. NHS notes record shaking, anxiety, and a hospital visit. Police contact was a known trigger for his physical symptoms. 2 31 March 2024: the stop On the A303, his car was stopped as part of an operation on vehicles leaving an event. There was no crash and no problem with his driving. The officer noted that he seemed nervous and shaky. 3 The roadside tests The alcohol breath test was negative. The roadside drug swab showed cannabis. He told the officer at once that he was a prescribed patient. He was then asked to do the Field Impairment Test: an eye check, a balance test, walking in a line, and touching his nose. 4 The arrest The officer treated the shaking and balance problems as signs of drug impairment. But these are also listed in his medical notes as symptoms of anxiety. He was arrested and his prescribed cannabis, in its labelled packet, was found. No proper interview about his condition took place. He was released to wait for blood results. 5 The blood result The blood test showed 3.6 micrograms of THC per litre of blood. This was over the 2 microgram limit. Nothing else was found. 6 The magistrates’ court The section 4 (unfit) charge was dropped. He was convicted of the section 5A (over the limit) charge. The court wrongly accepted that the medical defence did not apply because the medicine was “expired” or used beyond 28 to 30 days. He was fined and banned from driving for 36 months. 7 The appeal He appealed to the Crown Court, arguing that the medical defence applied. He brought prescription records, NHS notes, expert pharmacist evidence, and the science on THC. 8 10 February 2026: the result The appeal was allowed. The conviction was overturned. The prosecution had not disproved the medical defence. Plain English The law, in plain words Two parts of the Road Traffic Act 1988 matter here. They ask different questions, and it helps to keep them apart. Section 5A: over the drug limit It is an offence to drive with a named drug above a set limit in your blood. For cannabis, the limit is 2 micrograms of THC per litre of blood. This is a strict offence: the prosecution does not have to prove your driving was actually affected. The limit is set by the Drug Driving (Specified Limits) (England and Wales) Regulations 2014. Section 4: unfit through drugs This is a different offence. Here the prosecution must prove that your driving was actually impaired, and that a drug caused that impairment. This usually rests on observations, the Field Impairment Test, and expert evidence. The medical defence (section 5A(3)) If you are a lawful patient, you have a defence to the section 5A offence. You need to show three things. 1 It was prescribed or supplied for a medical reason For a medical or dental purpose. Self-medication or illegal use does not count. 2 You took it as directed This means following advice about driving after use,

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PatientsCann UK | Patient coalition appeal over plans to restrict CBD Press release Patient rights Patient groups across Europe launch an appeal over plans to restrict CBD A group of patient organisations, including PatientsCann UK®, has launched a public appeal and petition. They are worried about plans in the Czech Republic to treat CBD as if it were a chemical used to make illegal drugs. Their message is short: share the evidence, talk to the patients affected, and decide in the open. Sign the appeal PatientsCann UK® Coalition press release Prague, 17 June 2026 On this page In short Why it matters What we are asking Sign the appeal About the coalition References PatientsCann UK® is one of eight patient organisations in this coalition. The coalition campaigns on health policy and patient rights. It does not sell, promote, or link to any CBD product. In short What is happening Patient groups across Europe and beyond have launched a public appeal and petition called Care Before Discrimination is a Human Right. The worry Czech officials may treat CBD as a drug precursor, a chemical used to make illegal drugs, and limit how it can be handled. Not a ban on rules The coalition backs safety testing, honest labels, age limits, and real action against dangerous products. The ask Share the evidence, talk to the patients affected, and decide openly. You can add your name to the appeal. The background Why it matters CBD (cannabidiol) is a substance from the cannabis plant. It does not make a person feel high. On its own, it is not controlled under the main international drug laws. A purified CBD medicine is already approved across the European Union to treat severe forms of epilepsy, a condition that causes seizures. Because of this, the coalition says a sweeping restriction needs strong evidence behind it. It points to the International Narcotics Control Board, the United Nations body that watches drug controls. By that board’s own account, the proof that CBD is used to make illegal lab-made cannabinoids is limited. There is also a practical worry. The products that are truly risky are synthetic and semi-synthetic cannabinoids, which are part or fully man-made cannabis-like chemicals, often sold through grey-market channels. These need direct enforcement, age limits, and quality rules. The appeal is published just hours before the Czech Government’s Council for Addiction Policy meets on the afternoon of 17 June 2026. The unintended risk. If safe, tested CBD is pushed out of legal shops, demand will not disappear. It will move to an unregulated market, where contamination with heavy metals, pesticides, and solvents is far harder to catch. Patients aren’t asking for a loophole. We’re asking not to be pushed into the shadows. If the Government believes CBD should be restricted, show the evidence, listen to the patients it affects, and explain why the rules we already have aren’t enough. Care before discrimination means deciding in daylight. Pavel Kubů, KOPAC (Patient Association for Cannabis Treatment), Czech Republic What the coalition supports Clear quality standards. Testing for harmful substances. Honest labelling. Age limits. Real enforcement against dangerous synthetic products. What it is not asking for This is not a campaign against regulation, and it is not a request for a loophole. What the coalition objects to is a quiet, paperwork-only shortcut that rests on evidence no one has published. The appeal What we are asking The appeal calls on the Czech Government, European Union institutions, and United Nations drug-control bodies to: 1 Publish the evidence Share the proof before any CBD restriction is brought in. 2 No quiet shortcuts Avoid hidden or paperwork-only measures that skip public scrutiny. 3 Respect patient choice Respect patients’ freedom, dignity, and right to make informed decisions. 4 Regulate, do not ban Set fair and measured rules rather than a blanket prohibition. 5 Target the real risk Aim enforcement at dangerous synthetic and semi-synthetic products. 6 Consult patients first Talk to patient organisations before decisions are made. Add your name to the appeal The petition is open now. The full appeal, the evidence behind it, and the press kit are on the campaign site. The appeal is published in six languages. Sign the appeal Read the full appeal Who we are About the coalition Care Before Discrimination is a Human Right is an open coalition of patient organisations, with more joining. It campaigns on health policy and patient rights, and it does not promote, sell, or link to any CBD product. The appeal’s full title is “Care Before Discrimination: Patients’ Rights and the Proposed Restriction of CBD”. Aube Canada Centrum Paraple Czech Republic Dosemociones Spain Fuck Cancer Czech Republic HARP, Human Application Research Program Czech Republic KOPAC Czech Republic PatientsCann UK® United Kingdom Verein Medcan Switzerland Coalition media contact media@cbdhumanright.org Spokespeople are available in English, Czech, Spanish, French, German, and Italian. The team replies within a working day, and faster around procedural deadlines. PatientsCann UK® press press@patientscann.org.uk For media enquiries about PatientsCann UK® and our part in the coalition. Note The appeal is available in six languages (English, Czech, Spanish, French, German, and Italian) on the campaign site and in the downloadable press kit. In the Kanavape case, the European Union’s top court held that a member state may not ban the sale of CBD lawfully produced in another member state unless a restriction is necessary and proportionate, meaning fair and no more than is needed. The CBD in that case was produced in the Czech Republic. HHC, a semi-synthetic cannabinoid, was added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances by the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The decision took effect on 6 December 2025. The primary sources behind the appeal are listed in full below. References References follow the Harvard style. Sources with no named author are listed by the responsible body. All links were checked on 17 June 2026. 1World Health Organization (2018) Cannabidiol (CBD): critical review report. Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, fortieth meeting, Geneva, 4 to

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From menstrual pain to menopause, endometriosis to anxiety, a growing body of research and real patient experience is reshaping how women access and use prescribed cannabis in the UK.

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Eudesmol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Eudesmol beta-Eudesmol pronounced: YOO-dez-mol A sweet, woody terpene from eucalyptus. Early research looks at appetite and blood vessels. Oxygenated sesquiterpene Boiling point: 295°C Terpene type Oxygenated sesquiterpene Boiling point 295°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Appetite Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of Eudesmol is described as: SweetWoodyWaxyBalsamEarthy Found naturally in: Eucalyptus, cypress, ginger, balsam, certain conifers Effects Linked Effects Boosts appetiteProtects blood vesselsAnti-tumour research These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Eudesmol? Eudesmol is a sweet, woody terpene with a slightly waxy, balsam-like smell. It is found in eucalyptus, in cypress and ginger, and in the resin of some conifer trees. It comes in a few closely related forms, with beta-eudesmol being the best studied. It is a heavy, oxygen-carrying sesquiterpene, so it tends to stay behind in heated products rather than lifting off quickly. Effects in detail What the Research Says Beta-eudesmol has been studied in the laboratory for several effects. Some animal work suggests it may affect appetite, and other studies have looked at how it acts on blood vessels and at possible anti-tumour activity (Nuutinen, 2018). All of this is early research in cells and animals. None of it is proof of benefit in people, and it should not guide treatment choices. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet eudesmol in eucalyptus and cypress, in ginger, and in balsam resins. These plant oils are its richest everyday sources. Its warm, woody smell means it is used in perfumery and in some traditional herbal preparations. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the laboratory evidence on eudesmol, including its effects on appetite and blood vessels and the early anti-tumour research. Its chemistry is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). Human studies are still needed. PreviousGuaiol NextMyrcene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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Caryophyllene-oxide – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Caryophyllene-oxide Caryophyllene oxide pronounced: kair-ee-oh-FIL-een OX-ide A woody, sweet terpene made when caryophyllene meets oxygen. The smell sniffer dogs are trained to find. Oxygenated sesquiterpene Boiling point: 279°C Terpene type Oxygenated sesquiterpene Boiling point 279°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Germ-fighting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of Caryophyllene-oxide is described as: WoodySweetSpicyDryEarthy Found naturally in: Cloves, hops, rosemary, eucalyptus, black pepper, lemon balm Effects Linked Effects Fights fungusEnergisingUsed by detection dogs These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Caryophyllene-oxide? Caryophyllene-oxide is what you get when the well-known terpene beta-caryophyllene reacts with oxygen. It keeps a woody, spicy smell but turns a little sweeter and drier. It is found in cloves, hops, rosemary and eucalyptus. It is a heavier, oxygen-carrying sesquiterpene, so it does not evaporate as fast as the light citrus terpenes (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Caryophyllene-oxide is the chemical that drug-detection dogs are trained to smell, because it is a steady marker found in cannabis. In the laboratory it has been studied as an anti-fungal and for its effects on blood platelets (Nuutinen, 2018). These findings come from cell and animal studies. They are interesting starting points rather than proven treatments. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet caryophyllene-oxide in cloves, in hops, in rosemary and in eucalyptus. It also forms slowly when foods and oils that contain caryophyllene are stored and exposed to air. Its warm, woody smell means it appears in perfumes and in some food flavourings. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the laboratory work on caryophyllene-oxide, including its anti-fungal activity and its effect on blood platelets. Its chemistry is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). As ever, human evidence is still being gathered. Previousγ-Elemene NextHumulene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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γ-Elemene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide γ-Elemene gamma-Elemene pronounced: EL-uh-meen A sweet, dry, fruity scent found in myrrh. Studied in the laboratory for possible anti-cancer effects. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 252°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 252°C Primary aroma Sweet Key effect Anti-cancer research Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of γ-Elemene is described as: SweetFruityDryWoodySpicy Found naturally in: Myrrh, celery, mint, lemongrass, certain spices Effects Linked Effects Studied for anti-cancerAnti-inflammatory These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is γ-Elemene? Gamma-elemene is a larger terpene with a sweet, dry, slightly fruity smell. It is part of the scent of myrrh, an old resin used in incense and medicine for thousands of years, and it also appears in celery and mint. It is a sesquiterpene, so it is heavier than the light citrus and pine terpenes and tends to stay in heated cannabis products longer. Effects in detail What the Research Says Gamma-elemene belongs to the elemene family, which has drawn real scientific interest for cancer research. A close relative, beta-elemene, is studied in some countries as part of cancer care, and laboratory work has explored how elemenes affect tumour cells (Nuutinen, 2018). It is very important to be careful here. This research is at the laboratory stage for gamma-elemene, and nothing on this page is a treatment or a cure. Anyone with cancer should follow the advice of their medical team. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet gamma-elemene most clearly in myrrh resin and in the herbs and spices that contain it, such as celery seed and mint. Myrrh oil, used in some balms and incense, is a rich source. Its warm, slightly spicy smell means it is also used in perfumery. Research Key Studies The review by Nuutinen (2018) and wider research on the elemene family describe the laboratory interest in how these terpenes affect tumour cells. The chemistry of gamma-elemene is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). Human evidence for gamma-elemene itself remains very limited. PreviousBeta-Caryophyllene NextCaryophyllene-oxide Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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α-Terpineol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide α-Terpineol alpha-Terpineol pronounced: ter-PIN-ee-ol A gentle flowery, piney scent like lilac. Linked to calm and sleep, and common in soaps and lotions. Oxygenated monoterpene Boiling point: 218°C Terpene type Oxygenated monoterpene Boiling point 218°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calming Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of α-Terpineol is described as: FloralLilacPineySweetHerbal Found naturally in: Lilac, pine, cajeput oil, petitgrain, cardamom, marjoram Effects Linked Effects CalmingSleep supportAnti-inflammatory These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is α-Terpineol? Alpha-terpineol is a soft, flowery terpene with a smell often compared to lilac, with a gentle piney background. It is found in lilac flowers, in pine, and in cardamom, and it is one of the smells people find most pleasant and relaxing. It carries an oxygen atom in its structure, which gives it that rounded, almost soapy floral smell. This is why it is used so widely in cosmetics (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Among the things studied about alpha-terpineol, its calming and sleep-supporting quality stands out. In animal studies it has shown a sedative-like effect, and it has also been looked at for easing swelling and fighting germs (Nuutinen, 2018). These effects are seen mostly in the laboratory. They fit the relaxed feeling many people describe, but they are not yet proven in human trials. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet alpha-terpineol in lilac blossom, in pine, and in many flavours and fragrances. It is one of the most common terpenes in soaps, lotions and perfumes because of its pleasant floral smell. It is also used to give a soft, sweet note to some foods and drinks. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the evidence on alpha-terpineol, describing its calming effect in animal studies and its anti-inflammatory and germ-fighting activity. Its possible part in the entourage effect has also been discussed (Russo, 2011). Its chemistry is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). PreviousFenchol NextAlpha-Bisabolol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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Fenchol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Fenchol alpha-Fenchol, Fenchyl alcohol pronounced: FEN-kol A camphor and lemon scent from fennel and basil. Studied as a mild stimulant and germ-fighter. Oxygenated monoterpene Boiling point: 201°C Terpene type Oxygenated monoterpene Boiling point 201°C Primary aroma Camphor Key effect Germ-fighting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of Fenchol is described as: CamphorPineySweetLemonEarthy Found naturally in: Fennel, basil, nutmeg, aniseed, cedar, mugwort Effects Linked Effects EnergisingFights germsAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Fenchol? Fenchol, sometimes called fenchyl alcohol, is the terpene that gives basil much of its sweet, slightly camphor-like smell. It also has a clean, lemony piney note and is a big part of the scent of fennel. Like cineole, fenchol carries an oxygen atom, which puts it in the group called alcohols. This gives it a softer, rounder smell than the pure pine terpenes (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Early laboratory research has looked at fenchol as a mild stimulant and as a substance that fights germs (Nuutinen, 2018). More recently, scientists have become interested in how fenchol behaves in the gut and brain, although this work is at a very early stage. As with most terpenes, the human evidence is still thin, so these findings are best seen as clues for future research. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet fenchol most strongly in fresh basil and in fennel. It also appears in nutmeg, in aniseed, and in cedar wood. Tearing a basil leaf releases a clear burst of it. Its fresh, sweet smell means it is used in perfumes and in some flavourings. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) gathered the laboratory studies on fenchol, noting its mild stimulant and germ-fighting activity in cell and animal tests. Its chemical details are recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). Careful human research has not yet been done. Previous1,8-Cineole Nextα-Terpineol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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1,8-Cineole – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide 1,8-Cineole Eucalyptol pronounced: SIN-ee-ol The strong, fresh smell of eucalyptus. Often used to help clear the airways and sharpen focus. Oxygenated monoterpene Boiling point: 176°C Terpene type Oxygenated monoterpene Boiling point 176°C Primary aroma Eucalyptus Key effect Focus Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of 1,8-Cineole is described as: EucalyptusFreshCoolingMintyCamphor Found naturally in: Eucalyptus, rosemary, sage, bay leaves, tea tree, mugwort Effects Linked Effects Sharpens focusEases breathingAnti-inflammatory These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is 1,8-Cineole? 1,8-cineole, also called eucalyptol, is the terpene behind the strong, fresh smell of eucalyptus. It has a cool, clearing quality that many people know from chest rubs and cold remedies. It also appears in rosemary, sage and bay leaves. Unlike the pure pine or citrus terpenes, cineole carries an oxygen atom in its structure, which is why it smells so sharp and clean (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Cineole is one of the better-studied plant terpenes. Research suggests it may help open the airways and ease breathing, and it is widely used in cough and cold products for this reason (Nuutinen, 2018). Some studies have also looked at whether it may help with focus and clear thinking, and at its anti-inflammatory effects. Even with this longer history, most careful studies are small, so it should not be seen as a treatment on its own. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet cineole in eucalyptus and tea tree oils, in fresh rosemary and sage, and in bay leaves. It is the main active smell in many vapour rubs, throat sweets and mouthwashes. A word of care: eucalyptus oil is strong and should never be swallowed neat, especially by children. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the evidence on cineole, including its use for easing breathing and its anti-inflammatory activity. Its role in the entourage effect alongside cannabinoids has also been discussed (Russo, 2011). Its chemistry, including the oxygen in its structure, is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). Previousβ-Pinene NextFenchol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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β-Pinene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide β-Pinene beta-Pinene pronounced: BAY-tuh PY-neen A fresh, cooling pine scent. The partner of alpha-pinene, studied for mood, worry and memory. Monoterpene Boiling point: 166°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 166°C Primary aroma Piney Key effect Mood support Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of β-Pinene is described as: PineyFreshWoodyCoolingResinous Found naturally in: Rosemary, basil, dill, parsley, hops, pine, cumin Effects Linked Effects Lifts moodEases worryHelps memory These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is β-Pinene? Beta-pinene is one of the two pine terpenes, the other being alpha-pinene. It smells fresh and piney with a cool, almost minty lift. It is found in rosemary, basil, dill and parsley, as well as in pine trees themselves. It is a light monoterpene, so it gives off that clean, woodland smell quickly. In cannabis the two pinenes often appear together and shape the bright, herbal top of the aroma. Effects in detail What the Research Says Research on the pinenes suggests they may support mood and help ease feelings of worry, and may have a small effect on memory and alertness (Weston-Green et al., 2021). Beta-pinene has also been studied as a substance that may help open the airways and calm swelling (Nuutinen, 2018). Most of this work is in animals or cells. It points in a hopeful direction but does not yet prove benefit in people. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet beta-pinene every time you cook with rosemary, basil, dill or parsley. It is also in hops, in cumin, and of course in pine forests. Rubbing a sprig of fresh rosemary releases a strong dose of it. Its clean pine smell makes it common in cleaning products and air fresheners. Research Key Studies A 2021 review by Weston-Green and colleagues looked at pinene and linalool as possible terpene-based medicines for brain health, gathering the early evidence on mood, worry and memory. Nuutinen (2018) also describes beta-pinene’s airway and anti-inflammatory effects, and its chemistry is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). PreviousAlpha-Pinene Next1,8-Cineole Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Weston-Green, K. et al. (2021) ‘A review of the potential use of pinene and linalool as terpene-based medicines for brain health’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 583211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583211. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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α-Terpinene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide α-Terpinene alpha-Terpinene pronounced: AL-fuh ter-PIN-een A woody, citrus terpene with a medicinal edge. Best known as a strong natural antioxidant. Monoterpene Boiling point: 174°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 174°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Antioxidant Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of α-Terpinene is described as: WoodyCitrusMedicinalHerbalFresh Found naturally in: Marjoram, cumin, tea tree, allspice, juniper, coriander Effects Linked Effects AntioxidantAnti-microbialAnti-fungal These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is α-Terpinene? Alpha-terpinene is a terpene that smells woody and citrusy with a slightly sharp, medicinal note. It is one of the main parts of tea tree oil and gives marjoram and cumin some of their warm, herby smell. It is a light monoterpene and a close cousin of gamma-terpinene. The two often appear together in the same plants. Effects in detail What the Research Says Alpha-terpinene is one of the strongest plant antioxidants found in the laboratory. It is very good at mopping up free radicals, the harmful particles that can damage cells (Nuutinen, 2018). It is also studied for fighting germs and fungus. Because it reacts so readily with oxygen, it can change over time once a plant oil is opened. This is normal, and it is why fresh oils smell brightest. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet alpha-terpinene most strongly in tea tree oil, which is used in many skincare products. It is also in the herb marjoram, the spice cumin, in allspice, and in juniper. Its clean, slightly medicinal smell means it turns up in soaps, mouthwashes and household cleaners. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the laboratory evidence on alpha-terpinene, highlighting its powerful antioxidant activity and its germ-fighting and fungus-fighting effects in cell tests. Its chemistry is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). The human evidence is still at an early stage. PreviousΔ-3-Carene NextAlpha-Pinene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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Δ-3-Carene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Δ-3-Carene Delta-3-Carene, 3-Carene pronounced: KAIR-een A sweet, piney, citrus scent from pine and cedar trees. Studied for calming and for excess fluid. Monoterpene Boiling point: 169°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 169°C Primary aroma Piney Key effect Calming Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of Δ-3-Carene is described as: PineySweetCitrusCedarEarthy Found naturally in: Pine, cedar, rosemary, basil, bell pepper, cypress Effects Linked Effects CalmingBone supportDries excess fluid These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Δ-3-Carene? Delta-3-carene is a terpene with a sweet, piney smell and a hint of citrus and damp earth. It is found in pine and cedar trees, in rosemary and basil, and even in bell peppers. It is a light monoterpene, so its fresh, resinous scent lifts off quickly. In cannabis it adds to that classic forest-like smell that many people enjoy. Effects in detail What the Research Says In animal studies, delta-3-carene has shown a calming, sedative-like quality (Nuutinen, 2018). Researchers have also explored whether it may help dry up extra fluid in the body, and some early work has looked at its possible role in bone health. These are early laboratory findings. One thing to note is that, in large amounts, carene can be drying and may irritate the eyes or throat, which is why balance matters. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You will find delta-3-carene in pine and cedar forests, in fresh rosemary and basil, in cypress, and in sweet bell peppers. Pine and cedarwood essential oils are rich in it. Its piney, woody smell makes it popular in cleaning products and air fresheners that aim for a fresh-forest scent. Research Key Studies The review by Nuutinen (2018) summarised the laboratory evidence on delta-3-carene, including its calming effect in animal tests and early interest in bone health. Its chemical make-up is listed in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). As with other terpenes, careful human research is still needed. PreviousLimonene Nextα-Terpinene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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Valencene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Valencene (+)-Valencene pronounced: VAL-en-seen Smells like sweet Valencia oranges. A larger terpene studied for easing swelling and protecting skin. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 274°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 274°C Primary aroma Citrus Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of Valencene is described as: CitrusSweetOrangeFruityFresh Found naturally in: Valencia oranges, grapefruit and other citrus fruit Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatorySkin protectionInsect repellent These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Valencene? Valencene is named after the Valencia orange, the fruit it was first found in. It carries a sweet, juicy citrus smell and is the terpene behind much of the lovely aroma of fresh oranges and grapefruit. Unlike the lighter citrus terpenes, valencene is a sesquiterpene, which means it is a larger and heavier molecule. Its boiling point at normal pressure is high, around 274 degrees, although it is often measured at about 123 degrees under reduced pressure in the laboratory (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). Effects in detail What the Research Says Early research has looked at valencene as an anti-inflammatory, meaning it may help calm swelling, and as a substance that could help protect skin from sun damage in laboratory tests (Nuutinen, 2018). It is also studied as a natural insect repellent. These uses are promising but early. Most of the evidence comes from cell and animal studies rather than trials in people. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life You meet valencene every time you peel a sweet orange or a grapefruit. It is concentrated in the oil of the peel, which is why citrus zest smells so strong and sweet. It is also used in the food and drink industry to add a natural orange flavour, and in some skincare products. Research Key Studies Reviews of plant and cannabis terpenes, including Nuutinen (2018), describe valencene mainly for its anti-inflammatory and skin-protecting activity seen in laboratory work. Its chemistry, including the way its boiling point changes with pressure, is recorded in public databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025). Human evidence is still limited. Previousγ-Terpinene NextLimonene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025) PubChem Compound Database. Bethesda: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 11 June 2026). Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Cicada Jersey (2020) Terpene Wheel. Available at: https://cicada.je/terpene-wheel/ (Accessed: 11 June 2026).

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Skip to main content Research Participation Can your photographs help change how people see medical cannabis patients? Researchers at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) want to hear from people in the UK who have a legal prescription for medical cannabis. By taking part, you can help show the world what life is really like as a prescribed patient. Study open now Takes around 1 hour Online, from home Fully confidential About the study The MedCan Project: Seeing Stigma — Liverpool John Moores University, 2025 Many people who use medical cannabis with a legal prescription still face unfair judgement from others. This can happen at work, in healthcare settings, or in everyday social life. The Seeing Stigma study wants to understand this experience from the inside, in your own words and through your own eyes. This study uses a method called Photovoice. You take photographs in your daily life, then share what those images mean to you. Your photographs become evidence. They help researchers, policymakers, and the public understand the reality of living as a prescribed medical cannabis patient in the UK. The research team has already taken patient stories to parliament. This is your chance to make your voice part of that conversation. What is Photovoice? Photovoice is a research method where you take photographs to tell your story. You do not need to be a photographer. You just need a mobile phone or camera and the ability to share a few images by email, along with a short note about what each photo means to you. There are no right or wrong answers. Who can take part? You are eligible if all three of the following apply to you. Aged 18 or over You must be an adult aged 18 or older to take part in this study. Living in the UK You must currently be living in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Prescribed patient or carer You are currently prescribed medical cannabis by a doctor, or you are a carer for someone who is. Important: prescriptions only This particular study is about medical cannabis used with a legal UK prescription. It does not include recreational cannabis use. If you are unsure whether you qualify, you can register your interest and the research team will confirm your eligibility. What would I need to do? Taking part is straightforward and entirely on your own terms. 1 Register your interest Complete a short online form. This does not commit you to anything. The team will send you a full information pack. 2 Take photographs Using any camera or mobile phone, take photos that represent your life as a prescribed patient. No photography experience is needed. 3 Share by email Send your photographs to the research team along with a few words about what each image means to you. 4 Optional interview You may be invited to a short online conversation about your photographs. You can say no, or stop at any point. Your privacy and safety Your wellbeing and confidentiality come first throughout this study. Protections in place All responses are fully confidential You can withdraw at any time, with no reason needed No questions you are uncomfortable answering Photos will only be used as agreed with you Ethically approved by LJMU (Ref: 24/LCP/005) Your name will never appear in published work without your consent Ready to get involved? Register your interest now. Completing the form takes just a few minutes and commits you to nothing. The research team will send you the full participant information pack and answer any questions you have. Register your interest About the MedCan Project Lead researcher Dr Lindsey Metcalf McGrath Principal Investigator, School of Justice Studies, Liverpool John Moores University Dr Metcalf McGrath leads the MedCan Project at LJMU. Her team has previously carried patient research directly to parliament. You can contact her directly if you have any questions before deciding whether to take part. Ethics ref: 24/LCP/005 Conducted by Liverpool John Moores University Social: @MedCanProject LJMU central: 0151 231 2121 References Metcalf McGrath, L. and Liverpool John Moores University (2025) MedCan Project: Seeing Stigma — Participant Information Sheet. Liverpool: LJMU School of Justice Studies. Available at: https://ljmu.questionpro.eu/MedCanProjectSeeingStigma (Accessed: 2 June 2025). Liverpool John Moores University (2025) Medical Cannabis Project — Research Participation. Liverpool: LJMU. Available at: https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/research/research-participation/medical-cannabis (Accessed: 2 June 2025). Wang, C. and Burris, M.A. (1997) ‘Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment’, Health Education and Behavior, 24(3), pp. 369–387. doi: 10.1177/109019819702400309.

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A free letter template and step-by-step guide to ask your NHS Trust to adopt a medical cannabis inpatient policy.

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Ocimene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Ocimene Beta-Ocimene, cis/trans-Ocimene pronounced: OH-sih-meen Sweet, tropical, and herbaceous. The lowest boiling point of the main terpenes. Monoterpene Boiling point: 50°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 50°C Primary aroma Sweet Key effect Uplifting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of ocimene is described as: SweetHerbaceousPerfumedCitrusTropical Found naturally in: Mint, parsley, orchids, mangoes, tarragon, basil Effects Linked Effects UpliftingEnergyAntiviralAntifungal These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Ocimene? Ocimene is a sweet, tropical terpene with a complex aroma that blends fresh herbs, citrus blossom, and a hint of fruit. Cannabis plants produce it partly as a natural defence against insects and pests. When a strain has a fresh, almost perfume-like quality to its smell, ocimene is often a significant contributor. It has the lowest boiling point of the main cannabis terpenes at around 50 degrees Celsius. This means it evaporates very quickly. Fresh or recently cured cannabis will have more ocimene aroma than older or poorly stored cannabis, where it will have largely evaporated. This is why it is most noticeable in very fresh flower (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Ocimene is associated with uplifting and energising effects, similar to limonene and terpinolene. It does not have as extensive a human evidence base as some other terpenes, but preclinical research has found antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties (Nuutinen, 2018). Its antiviral properties are of particular scientific interest. Studies have found that ocimene can inhibit the activity of certain viruses in cell cultures, though this is laboratory research and does not mean it treats viral infections in humans. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that it can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity, contributing to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Mint is one of the richer everyday sources of ocimene. The fresh, slightly sweet quality of mint that is distinct from its menthol sharpness comes partly from ocimene. Parsley, basil, and tarragon also contain it. Orchid flowers produce significant amounts of ocimene as a pollinator attractant. Mangoes contain a small but noticeable quantity, adding to their complex tropical aroma. Because it evaporates so easily, the best way to experience ocimene in everyday food is to eat fresh, uncooked herbs. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for ocimene’s antifungal and anticonvulsant activity in preclinical models. The antifungal properties are consistent across several studies and suggest potential clinical applications for fungal skin conditions, though human trials are lacking. Weil (2022) notes that ocimene’s presence in a strain profile is often a marker for fresh, recently harvested cannabis because of its volatility. LaVigne et al. (2021) confirmed that ocimene participates in cannabinoid receptor modulation alongside other cannabis terpenes, providing another mechanism through which it may contribute to the overall experience of a strain. Previous Humulene Next Alpha-Bisabolol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Weil, M. (2022) ‘Most common cannabis terpenes and what they do’, Cannigma. Available at: https://cannigma.com/plant/a-brief-history-of-terpenes/ (Accessed: 29 May 2026).

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Camphene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Camphene 2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane pronounced: KAM-feen Smells like a damp fir forest. May support healthy cholesterol levels. Monoterpene Boiling point: 159°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 159°C Primary aroma Damp Earth Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of camphene is described as: Damp EarthFir NeedlesCamphorForest Floor Found naturally in: Cypress, rosemary, ginger, nutmeg, valerian, sage Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatoryPain reliefAntioxidantCardiovascular These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Camphene? Camphene has a distinctive, damp, earthy aroma with strong fir tree and camphor notes. If you have ever walked through a coniferous forest after rain and noticed that sharp, resinous, almost medicinal smell, camphene is a significant part of it. It is also the compound that gives old-fashioned camphor mothballs their smell. In cannabis, camphene is usually a minor terpene but contributes to the overall earthy, woody character of certain strains. It is a bicyclic monoterpene, meaning its carbon ring structure is folded, which gives it a more complex and persistent smell than simpler linear terpenes (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Camphene has a surprisingly diverse preclinical evidence base. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed studies suggesting it has antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Perhaps most unusually among terpenes, there is also early evidence from animal studies that camphene may reduce blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. If confirmed in human trials, this cardiovascular effect would make camphene unique among the 12 terpenes profiled here. However, these are very early-stage findings and cannot be interpreted as evidence that cannabis products will improve cardiovascular health. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Rosemary contains camphene alongside pinene and other terpenes, contributing to its sharp, medicinal character. Ginger and nutmeg both contain camphene, adding to their warm, slightly medicinal warmth. Valerian root, widely sold as a sleep supplement, contains camphene as one of several active aromatic compounds. This may partly explain why valerian is associated with relaxation, though its main sedative compounds are different. Cypress essential oil is one of the richest non-cannabis sources. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the available evidence and noted camphene’s potential as an antilipidaemic agent based on animal studies, alongside its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The review flagged this as an area warranting further investigation in human subjects. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that camphene, alongside other cannabis terpenes, can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity, placing it within the entourage effect framework. Booth and Bohlmann (2019) noted that camphene’s presence in a cannabis terpene profile is often associated with strains grown in cooler climates, where its biosynthesis is favoured. Previous Guaiol Next Myrcene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

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Guaiol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Guaiol Champacol pronounced: GWHY-ol A rare woody terpene from guaiacum wood. Highest boiling point of the 12. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 288°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 288°C Primary aroma Woody Pine Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of guaiol is described as: Woody PineCypressBalsamic EarthSandalwood Found naturally in: Guaiacum wood, cypress trees, lilac, pine Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatoryPain reliefAntibacterialAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Guaiol? Guaiol is a rare sesquiterpene alcohol with a deep, piney, and slightly rosy aroma reminiscent of sandalwood and cypress. It has the highest boiling point of the 12 terpenes covered here at 288 degrees Celsius, which means it evaporates last of all and contributes most strongly to the long-lasting woody base note of a strain. It takes its name from Guaiacum, a dense tropical hardwood tree from the Caribbean. Traditional medicine in that region has used guaiacum resin for centuries for conditions including arthritis. Guaiol is thought to be one of the active compounds responsible for these traditional uses (Nuutinen, 2018). Effects in detail What the Research Says Guaiol has been studied primarily for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Its high boiling point means it survives the heating process better than most other terpenes, which may make it particularly relevant for vaped or heated cannabis products where lower-boiling terpenes are lost. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed preclinical evidence for guaiol’s antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. It also appeared in the LaVigne et al. (2021) study as one of the sesquiterpenes capable of modulating cannabinoid receptor activity, contributing to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Guaiol is less common in everyday food than most other terpenes. It is found primarily in wood resins, cypress essential oil, and lilac. Pine needles contain a small amount. If you have ever smelled the inside of a freshly sawn hardwood log, the warm, resinous component of that smell likely contains guaiol. Some high-end perfumes use cypress essential oil as a base note, and guaiol is part of what gives cypress its distinctive, long-lasting woody character. It is also used in some traditional incense formulations. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) identified guaiol as having notable antibacterial properties in vitro, along with antioxidant activity. The review noted that guaiol’s high boiling point makes it a candidate for study in heated cannabis preparations where other terpenes would already have evaporated. LaVigne et al. (2021) included guaiol among the sesquiterpenes found to selectively enhance cannabinoid activity. This confirms that even relatively minor terpenes in cannabis can play a pharmacologically meaningful role in the overall profile of a product. Previous Trans-Nerolidol Next Camphene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

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Trans-Nerolidol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Trans-Nerolidol Peruviol, Penetrol pronounced: tranz neh-ROL-ih-dol A soft, woody-floral terpene. Found in jasmine and tea tree. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 122°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 122°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Sleep support Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of trans-nerolidol is described as: WoodyRose-floralEarthy barkJasmineWaxy Found naturally in: Jasmine, tea tree, neroli, lemongrass, ginger Effects Linked Effects Sleep supportRelaxingCalmAntimicrobial These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Trans-Nerolidol? Trans-nerolidol has a complex, multi-layered scent that combines the woody warmth of bark with a soft, rose-like floral quality and a hint of jasmine. It is less common in cannabis than myrcene or linalool, but strains that contain it often have a particularly smooth, rounded aroma. It is found in jasmine, neroli (bitter orange blossom), and tea tree, and is used in the fragrance industry as a fixative: a compound that helps other scents last longer. In cannabis, it appears most often alongside myrcene and linalool in strains with a heavy, sedating character (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Nerolidol is most associated with sedative and sleep-supporting effects. It commonly appears in cannabis strains alongside myrcene and linalool, forming what some researchers describe as a sedating terpene triad. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed preclinical evidence for its sleep-promoting and anxiolytic properties. It also has notable antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties in laboratory studies. Research has found it effective against certain fungi and even against the malaria parasite in cell studies, though these are very early-stage findings with no clinical application at this time. LaVigne et al. (2021) confirmed cannabinoid receptor modulation. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Jasmine tea and jasmine-scented products are the easiest way to encounter nerolidol in everyday life. The deep, slightly waxy floral quality of jasmine is partly due to this terpene. Ginger root also contains nerolidol alongside other aromatic compounds. Tea tree oil contains nerolidol as a minor but important component. Its presence in tea tree alongside other terpenes like terpinene contributes to the oil’s broad antimicrobial activity. Neroli essential oil, derived from bitter orange blossom, is named in part because nerolidol was first isolated from it. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed nerolidol’s pharmacological profile, highlighting evidence for sedative, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antioxidant effects across multiple preclinical studies. The review noted that nerolidol’s skin penetration-enhancing properties make it relevant for topical cannabis formulations. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that nerolidol, alongside other sesquiterpenes, can selectively enhance cannabinoid activity, suggesting it plays a more active pharmacological role than simply contributing to aroma. Previous Alpha-Bisabolol Next Guaiol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

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Alpha-Bisabolol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Alpha-Bisabolol α-Bisabolol, Levomenol pronounced: AL-fuh bih-SAB-oh-lol The chamomile terpene. Used in skin creams for centuries. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 153°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 153°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calm Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of alpha-bisabolol is described as: FloralSweetChamomile-likeHoneyPowdery Found naturally in: Chamomile, candeia wood, sage, sweet grass Effects Linked Effects CalmAnti-inflammatoryRelaxingSkin soothing These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Alpha-Bisabolol? Alpha-bisabolol has a gentle, sweet, floral aroma that is immediately recognisable as chamomile. It is the main active terpene in chamomile essential oil and has been used in skincare for hundreds of years. In cannabis, it tends to appear as a secondary terpene, adding a soft, powdery floral note to strains that contain it. As a sesquiterpene, it is a larger and heavier molecule than monoterpenes. This means it does not evaporate as quickly and can have a more persistent effect when applied to skin or inhaled. It is also one of the terpenes found in the KAST batch data on this site, appearing in several of the CSC Cannacosta strains (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Alpha-bisabolol has one of the strongest track records among terpenes for skin-related applications. It reduces redness and irritation, helps other ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively, and has been found to have antimicrobial properties. This is why it appears in so many pharmaceutical creams and lotions. In cannabis, its contribution to the overall experience is likely related to its calming and anti-inflammatory effects. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. Baram et al. (2022) found that bisabolol activates endocannabinoid receptors, adding to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Chamomile tea is the most accessible everyday source. The calming effect that chamomile tea is famous for is partly due to bisabolol and related compounds in the plant. When you drink a cup before bed, you are consuming a small amount of this terpene. Candeia wood (Eremanthus erythropappus), a tree native to Brazil, contains the highest natural concentrations of alpha-bisabolol and has historically been over-harvested to supply the cosmetics industry. Most commercial bisabolol is now produced synthetically or from sustainably managed sources. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed bisabolol’s pharmacological profile and noted evidence for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties. The review also highlighted its role as a penetration enhancer, meaning it can help other therapeutic compounds cross biological barriers more effectively. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed endocannabinoid receptor activity for bisabolol at physiologically relevant concentrations. Francomano et al. (2025) included it in their review of terpenes contributing to the entourage effect in cannabis medicines, noting particular interest in topical cannabis formulations. Previous Ocimene Next Trans-Nerolidol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Francomano, F. et al. (2025) ‘The entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products: a comprehensive review’, Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 378. doi: 10.3390/ph18030378. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

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Humulene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Humulene α-Humulene, Alpha-Caryophyllene pronounced: HYOO-myoo-leen The hoppy terpene. Gives beer its herbal, earthy character. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 107°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 107°C Primary aroma Hoppy Key effect Pain relief Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of humulene is described as: HoppyEarthyWoodyHerbalBeer-like Found naturally in: Hops, sage, ginseng, coriander, basil Effects Linked Effects Pain reliefAnti-inflammatoryAppetite suppressantAntibacterial These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Humulene? Humulene is a sesquiterpene with a deep, earthy, and distinctly hoppy aroma. If you enjoy the smell of a good craft ale, you have experienced humulene. It is the dominant terpene in hops (Humulus lupulus), the plant used to flavour beer, and is found alongside beta-caryophyllene in many cannabis strains. It is sometimes called alpha-caryophyllene because the two molecules are closely related in structure. However, they have different shapes and slightly different aroma and pharmacological profiles. Humulene has a lower boiling point than caryophyllene, meaning it evaporates first when cannabis is heated (Nuutinen, 2018). Effects in detail What the Research Says Humulene has been studied primarily for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence showing that it can reduce inflammatory markers in cell studies. It is also one of the few terpenes associated with appetite suppression rather than stimulation, which makes it distinct from myrcene. Its anti-inflammatory effects may work alongside beta-caryophyllene when both are present in a strain, as the two terpenes share similar mechanisms through the endocannabinoid system. This interaction is an example of the entourage effect described by Russo (2011). Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Beer is the most obvious everyday source. Hoppy beers, particularly India Pale Ales and pale ales, contain the highest concentrations of humulene. The sharp, herbal bitterness of a hop-forward beer comes largely from this terpene. Sage and ginseng are notable non-hop sources. Traditional herbal medicine has used both of these plants for centuries, and researchers are now beginning to investigate whether humulene plays a role in their therapeutic effects. Coriander and basil also contain it in smaller amounts. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) provided a comprehensive review of humulene’s pharmacological properties, noting significant evidence for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activity in preclinical models. The review highlighted the potential for humulene to work synergistically with cannabinoids. Francomano et al. (2025) included humulene in their review of terpenes contributing to the entourage effect, noting that its combination with beta-caryophyllene in cannabis products may provide enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to either compound alone. Previous Terpinolene Next Ocimene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Francomano, F. et al. (2025) ‘The entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products: a comprehensive review’, Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 378. doi: 10.3390/ph18030378. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.

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Terpinolene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Terpinolene Delta-Terpinene pronounced: ter-PIN-oh-leen A rare, multi-layered scent. Piney, floral, and citrus all at once. Monoterpene Boiling point: 184°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 184°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Uplifting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of terpinolene is described as: WoodyPineyHerbalCitrus Blossom Found naturally in: Apples, lilac, limes, nutmeg, tea tree, cumin Effects Linked Effects UpliftingFocusEnergyAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Terpinolene? Terpinolene is one of the more unusual cannabis terpenes because it does not smell like just one thing. It has a complex, multi-layered aroma that mixes pine and wood with a hint of fresh flowers and citrus blossom. People often describe it as smelling like a spring garden. It is less common than myrcene or limonene and tends to appear as a dominant terpene only in certain sativa-leaning strains. When it is the dominant terpene in a strain, that strain usually has a distinctly fresh, bright character (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Terpinolene is most often associated with uplifting and energising effects. Unlike myrcene, which tends toward sedation, strains dominant in terpinolene are more likely to feel activating and mentally clarifying. Some users report improved focus and creativity. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for terpinolene’s antioxidant and possible anticancer properties in preclinical settings. It has also been found to have mild sedative effects in some animal studies at higher doses, which shows that the same terpene can have different effects depending on dose and context. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Terpinolene is found in apples, giving them part of their fresh, slightly floral scent. Lilac flowers are particularly rich in it, as is nutmeg. Tea tree oil contains significant amounts of terpinolene, contributing to its sharp, medicinal smell. Limes contain more terpinolene than lemons, which partly explains why limes have a slightly more complex scent than lemons despite both being citrus fruits. Cumin seeds also contain it, alongside other spicy terpenes. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) identified terpinolene as having notable antioxidant activity in cell studies, and noted potential antiproliferative effects in cancer cell lines in vitro. These findings are very early-stage and cannot be interpreted as evidence of a treatment or cure. The available evidence base for terpinolene is smaller than for myrcene or linalool. Weil (2022) highlights it as a terpene worthy of further investigation given its prevalence in certain strain profiles and its distinctive psychoactive character. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that terpinolene, like other cannabis terpenes, can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity. Previous Linalool Next Humulene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Weil, M. (2022) ‘Most common cannabis terpenes and what they do’, Cannigma. Available at: https://cannigma.com/plant/a-brief-history-of-terpenes/ (Accessed: 29 May 2026).

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Linalool – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Linalool Linalool alcohol pronounced: lin-AL-oh-ol The calming lavender terpene. Found in over 200 plant species. Monoterpene Boiling point: 198°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 198°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calm Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of linalool is described as: FloralLavenderSweet HerbSage Found naturally in: Lavender, mint, coriander, rosewood, jasmine Effects Linked Effects CalmSleep supportRelaxingAnti-anxiety These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Linalool? Linalool is the terpene responsible for lavender’s famous calming scent. It is one of the most widely distributed terpenes in nature, appearing in over 200 different plants including mint, coriander, and many trees. When a cannabis strain has a soft, floral, slightly soapy smell, linalool is usually the reason. Unlike some terpenes that are present only in small amounts, linalool can be a major component in certain cannabis strains. It is a monoterpene alcohol, which gives it a slightly heavier, more complex character than simpler terpenes like limonene (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Linalool has one of the strongest bodies of evidence among cannabis terpenes for calming and sleep-supporting effects. Weston-Green et al. (2021) reviewed studies showing that inhaled linalool can reduce anxiety-like behaviour in animals, and that it appears to enhance the activity of GABA, a brain chemical that promotes relaxation and sleep. Abstrax Tech (2023) conducted studies with Western Washington University finding that a combination of linalool and myrcene produced notable anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed that linalool activates CB1 and CB2 receptors, adding to its known mechanisms of action. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Lavender is the most obvious everyday source. Lavender oil, widely sold in pharmacies and health shops, is mostly linalool. It is the active ingredient that makes lavender pillows and sleep sprays effective for some people. Coriander seeds contain high amounts too, which contributes to their floral, slightly soapy flavour. Linalool is one of the most commonly used fragrance ingredients in the world. It is found in many shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics, as well as in some foods as a natural flavouring. It is generally considered safe at typical exposure levels. Research Key Studies Weston-Green et al. (2021) specifically reviewed linalool alongside alpha-pinene as a potential medicine for brain health. They found preclinical evidence for anti-anxiety, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects. The authors noted that the evidence base is growing but human clinical trials are still limited. Abstrax Tech (2023) reported collaborative research demonstrating anxiolytic synergy between linalool and myrcene, suggesting that terpene combinations may be more powerful than individual compounds. This supports the broader entourage effect framework described by Russo (2011). Previous Beta-Caryophyllene Next Terpinolene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Abstrax Tech (2023) Linalool and beta-myrcene anxiolytic study with Western Washington University. Available at: https://abstraxtech.com/pages/terpene-research (Accessed: 29 May 2026). Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Weston-Green, K. et al. (2021) ‘A review of the potential use of pinene and linalool as terpene-based medicines for brain health’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 583211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583211.

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Beta-Caryophyllene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Beta-Caryophyllene β-Caryophyllene (BCP) pronounced: BAY-tuh kair-ee-oh-FIL-een The only terpene that acts like a cannabinoid. Activates CB2 receptors directly. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 130°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 130°C Primary aroma Spicy Key effect Pain relief Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of beta-caryophyllene is described as: SpicyPepperyWoodyWarm Clove Found naturally in: Black pepper, cloves, cinnamon, oregano, copaiba Effects Linked Effects Pain reliefAnti-inflammatoryCalmNeuroprotective These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Beta-Caryophyllene? Beta-caryophyllene is unique among terpenes. While most terpenes add to the cannabis experience through aroma and indirect effects, beta-caryophyllene can directly activate a receptor in the body called CB2. This is the same type of receptor that CBD works on. Because of this, some scientists classify it as a dietary cannabinoid as well as a terpene (Hashiesh et al., 2021). It is a sesquiterpene, meaning it is a larger molecule than monoterpenes like myrcene or limonene. This makes it less volatile and it tends to linger in the smell of a strain longer. Its aroma is immediately recognisable: the sharp, spicy heat of freshly ground black pepper (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Because beta-caryophyllene binds to CB2 receptors, it can influence inflammation and immune responses. CB2 receptors are found mainly outside the brain, particularly in immune cells, which means BCP can affect inflammation without causing psychoactive effects (Hashiesh et al., 2021). Preclinical studies have found potential benefits for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and even neuroprotection. Russo (2011) identified it as one of the most clinically interesting terpenes precisely because of its direct receptor activity. Research is ongoing into its potential for conditions involving chronic pain and inflammation. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Black pepper is the richest everyday source. When you smell a pepper grinder, the spicy, slightly woody warmth is beta-caryophyllene. Cloves and cinnamon also contain high amounts, and it is a significant component of oregano, basil, and rosemary. Copaiba oil, used in traditional Amazonian medicine and now sold as a wellness supplement, contains very high concentrations of beta-caryophyllene. Some researchers studying copaiba’s anti-inflammatory properties believe BCP is the active ingredient responsible for its effects. Research Key Studies The landmark paper that established beta-caryophyllene as a CB2 agonist was published by Gertsch et al. (2008), though it is cited through Hashiesh et al. (2021) in this guide’s scope. Hashiesh and colleagues reviewed the broad pharmacological evidence and concluded that BCP has significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory and neuropathic conditions. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed that BCP activates CB2 at concentrations found in cannabis products, strengthening the case for its clinical relevance. Its non-psychoactive nature makes it particularly interesting as a potential therapeutic target. Previous Alpha-Pinene Next Linalool Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Hashiesh, H.S. et al. (2021) ‘A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of beta-caryophyllene’, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 140, 111639. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111639. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.

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Devon Partnership NHS Trust has formally approved CD21, a Standard Operating Procedure that gives medical cannabis patients a clear, safe pathway to continue their lawful prescriptions while admitted to hospital. Here is what it means for you.

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New Bedrocan® Concentrate Opens Up More Ways to Take Your Prescription – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Industry News · Prescribing Options A trusted flower,now in a new form Bedrocan® — the world’s most prescribed pharmaceutical cannabis flower — is set to become available as a standardised extract concentrate for the first time. For patients, that could mean the same trusted medicine available in more ways than ever before. PatientsCann UK · Industry News · 19 May 2026 Jump to: What Is It? Formulations Why It Matters Timeline 20+ years of Bedrocan® pharmaceutical cannabis production trusted by doctors worldwide 70% THC concentration in the new Becanex PIEX Bedrocan® extract — preserving the full cannabinoid and terpene fingerprint 5+ preparation formats now possible from a single standardised concentrate, from capsules to inhalation 2026 Target launch date for pharmacy ordering across Europe, with Germany as the first market What Is It? The Bedrocan® flower you know — in concentrated form If you have been prescribed Bedrocan® flower, you will know it as one of the most consistent and well-studied pharmaceutical cannabis products available. Grown in EU-GMP-certified facilities in the Netherlands and Denmark by Bedrocan International, it has been the benchmark for standardised medical cannabis for more than two decades. Now, that same product is set to take a new form. Berlin-based extraction specialist Becanex GmbH has developed the Becanex PIEX Bedrocan® 70% THC Concentrate — an extract that, for the first time, brings the full cannabinoid and terpene fingerprint of the Bedrocan® flower into a standardised, pharmacist-ready concentrate. The extract is produced using Becanex’s proprietary PIEX (Plant-Identical Extraction) process, which is specifically designed to preserve what makes a particular cannabis strain therapeutically distinctive. In simpler terms: this is not a generic cannabis extract. It is Bedrocan® in a bottle — the same profile, in a versatile new format. What makes it different from other extracts? Many cannabis extracts are produced to isolate one or two cannabinoids — often just THC or CBD — and discard the rest. The PIEX method takes a different approach, retaining the full spectrum of naturally occurring cannabinoids and terpenes in proportions that match the original flower. Becanex describes this as “a fingerprint” of the source material, and that precision matters clinically: the interaction between cannabinoids and terpenes — sometimes called the entourage effect — is increasingly recognised as relevant to therapeutic outcomes. The result is a concentrate that is both highly potent (at 70% THC) and pharmacologically familiar to doctors and pharmacists who have already been prescribing Bedrocan® flower. “We have always been precise about how we grow our cannabis. Becanex is equally precise about how they extract it. That shared attention to detail is what makes this product worth putting in front of pharmacists, prescribers and patients. The concentrate now enables doctors to prescribe our main product Bedrocan® in multiple compounding formulations.” Jaap Erkelens — CEO, Bedrocan International Formulations More ways for pharmacists to prepare your medicine One of the most significant implications of this product for patients is flexibility. A standardised concentrate that sits in a pharmacy’s dispensary can be compounded into a wide range of preparation formats, tailored to what works best for each individual. The Becanex PIEX Bedrocan® concentrate is specifically designed for the following preparations: Oral solution Capsules Suppositories Topical forms Inhalation dosage Vaporisation What this means in practice for patients For patients currently prescribed Bedrocan® flower, this is particularly significant. If inhalation becomes difficult — whether due to respiratory concerns, lifestyle factors, or simply personal preference — a concentrated extract from the same strain could potentially be offered as an oral or capsule-based alternative, without switching to an entirely different product. The vaporisation option is also noteworthy: the concentrate can be vaporised directly, giving patients an additional inhalation route alongside the flower. This kind of flexibility within a single, consistent product profile is exactly the kind of development that helps both patients and prescribers make evidence-informed adjustments over time. It is important to note that any change to your prescription formulation must always be discussed with and authorised by your prescribing specialist. The availability of a new format does not mean your prescription changes automatically — it expands the options your clinician can consider for you. “Patients who have found a cannabis strain that works well for them shouldn’t have to compromise if they need it in a different form. With Bedrocan as our partner, we can now offer prescribers exactly that — building on a strain they already know and trust.” Sebastian Kamphorst — Director, Becanex GmbH Why It Matters Why standardisation matters for patients Consistency you can rely on One of the greatest frustrations for patients on prescribed cannabis is variability. A standardised extract — manufactured under GMP conditions from a named, controlled cultivar — reduces that uncertainty. You and your prescriber know what to expect. No need to start from scratch For patients and doctors who have already found that Bedrocan® works, this product preserves that relationship. Switching formulation format does not mean re-establishing which strain or cannabinoid profile is therapeutically appropriate. Pharmacist flexibility Compounding pharmacies are central to how many patients receive their prescribed cannabis. A concentrate designed specifically for compounding gives pharmacists more tools to prepare bespoke preparations that suit individual clinical needs. Germany first, Europe next Germany is the first market for the launch, which reflects its position as the most developed regulated medical cannabis market in Europe. UK patients should watch this development closely — it signals the direction of travel for product diversity across Europe. A decade in the making This collaboration is not simply a commercial arrangement — it has roots going back more than ten years. As early as 2014, the founding team behind Becanex worked with Bedrocan under a scientific licence to develop the first extracts from the Bedrocan® flower. At the time, the regulatory framework to bring such a product to market did not exist. Today, it does. Kamphorst reflects on this directly: the team is not

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A medical cannabis patient who was banned from the rail industry for five years after testing positive for THC from his prescribed medication has won a significant victory at the Employment Appeal Tribunal. This ruling changes the legal landscape for every prescribed cannabis patient in safety-critical employment in the UK.

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The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) is reviewing cannabis-based products for medicinal use (CBPMs).

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A brutally honest call-in to the UK medical cannabis patient community, about ego, division, and why we’re our own worst enemy.

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Network Rail’s policy breaches the Equality Act 2010. PatientsCann UK fights for fair treatment—take action now.

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Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found abundantly in raw cannabis plants. Unlike its decarboxylated form, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), THCa does not produce intoxicating effects. This distinction is crucial for medical cannabis patients, healthcare professionals, and industry experts seeking to understand the therapeutic potential and legal considerations of THCa, particularly within the United Kingdom. Biochemical Nature of THCa THCa serves as the acidic precursor to THC. In its natural state, cannabis plants synthesise cannabinoids in their acidic forms, with THCa being predominant. When exposed to heat through processes like smoking, vaping, or cooking—a reaction known as decarboxylation—THCa loses a carboxyl group, transforming into THC, the compound responsible for cannabis’s psychoactive effects. Therapeutic Potential of THCa Emerging research suggests that THCa may offer several health benefits: Psychoactivity of THCa In its raw form, THCa is non-psychoactive and does not produce the “high” associated with THC consumption. This non-intoxicating nature makes it an attractive option for patients seeking therapeutic benefits without cognitive impairment. However, it’s essential to note that when THCa is heated, it converts into THC, thereby gaining psychoactive properties. Applications of THCa Given its potential therapeutic properties and non-psychoactive nature, THCa is utilised in various forms: Legal Status of THCa in the UK The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) has provided insights into the behaviour and control status of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) in its report on consumer cannabidiol (CBD) products. The report highlights that THCa does not significantly convert to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) within the human body after ingestion. Additionally, while THCa can decarboxylate into Δ9-THC at temperatures below 100°C, this process requires prolonged exposure; at room temperature, the conversion is negligible. These findings suggest that THCa’s limited potential for in vivo conversion to psychoactive Δ9-THC may influence its regulatory status. The legal framework surrounding THCa in the United Kingdom is complex. While THCa itself is non-psychoactive, it is closely regulated due to its potential to convert into THC when heated. This conversion raises concerns for law enforcement and regulatory bodies. According to the UK’s Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001, THC is a controlled substance, and any product containing cannabinoids that can be converted into THC may fall under this regulation. In practice, this means that while THCa is not explicitly listed as a controlled substance, its presence in products intended for consumption could be subject to legal scrutiny, especially if there’s a likelihood of decarboxylation into THC. Therefore, products containing THCa are subject to stricter controls and are generally less accessible than CBD products. In the United Kingdom, cannabis and its derivatives are primarily regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. Cannabis is classified as a Class B controlled drug, making it unlawful to possess, supply, produce, import, or export without appropriate licensing. The legislation defines cannabis to include any part of the plant, excluding mature stalks, fibre, and seeds. Additionally, cannabinoids such as THC are specifically controlled substances. While cannabidiol (CBD) in its pure form is not controlled, products containing other cannabinoids, including THCa, are subject to regulation. The Home Office acknowledges that due to challenges in isolating CBD from other cannabinoids, consumer CBD products may contain varying amounts of controlled substances like THC and THCa. Therefore, any product containing controlled cannabinoids is classified as a Class B controlled drug unless it meets the “exempt product” criteria outlined in Regulation 2 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. Exempt Product Criteria For a product to be considered exempt, it must fulfil specific conditions: If a product meets all these criteria, it is not subject to the prohibitions on importation, exportation, production, supply, and possession under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Conclusion THCa represents a promising cannabinoid with potential therapeutic benefits for various medical conditions. Its non-psychoactive nature makes it suitable for patients seeking relief without the intoxicating effects of THC. The sale and distribution of THCa products in the UK occupy a legally ambiguous space. While businesses continue their operations, the potential for legal challenges remains due to the intricate regulatory framework governing cannabis and its derivatives. It is imperative for businesses and consumers to stay informed and consult legal experts when navigating this evolving landscape. References Drug Licensing Factsheet (Cannabis, CBD & Other Cannabinoids) Consumer CBD products report – ACMD Is THCa legal in the UK – r/LegalAdviceUK – Reddit The Legal Weed No One’s Talking About – Vice Disclaimer The information provided in this article is intended for educational and informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal or medical advice. While efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the content, however the legal framework surrounding THCa is complex and subject to change. Readers are advised to consult with qualified legal professionals to obtain guidance tailored to their specific circumstances. The authors and publishers disclaim any liability arising from the use or misuse of the information contained herein.

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Since the legalisation of medical cannabis in the UK in 2018, patients have faced numerous challenges in accessing and utilising cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs). Despite legal provisions, the landscape remains fraught with limited support, societal stigma, and complex legal hurdles. Organisations like Seed Our Future play a crucial role in advocating for patients’ rights and providing necessary support. Challenges in Legal Support The legal framework surrounding medical cannabis in the UK is complex, creating numerous obstacles for patients seeking treatment. While specialist doctors are legally permitted to prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs), access remains severely limited, forcing many patients to navigate a difficult and often expensive system. One of the primary challenges is the scarcity of NHS prescriptions for medical cannabis. Despite its legal status, NHS doctors rarely prescribe CBMPs, leaving most patients with no choice but to turn to private clinics. However, private prescriptions can be prohibitively expensive, making access to medical cannabis a privilege rather than a right for many who need it. Legal uncertainties further complicate matters. Many patients struggle to understand the exact legalities surrounding the possession and use of their prescribed cannabis, particularly in public spaces or workplaces. Questions about where they can legally consume their medication, how employers should accommodate their needs, and whether they risk law enforcement scrutiny add to the confusion and anxiety patients face daily. A significant barrier to proper legal support is the widespread lack of awareness. Many patients, healthcare professionals, and even service providers do not fully understand the legal rights and regulations governing medical cannabis use. This gap in knowledge often results in patients being misinformed or hesitant to assert their rights, while some service providers may be unwilling to support patients prescribed CBMPs simply due to uncertainty about the legal implications. Societal Stigma Despite its legalisation for medical use, cannabis continues to carry a deep-rooted stigma due to its long-standing association with recreational use and illegality. This stigma affects patients in several ways, often leading to unnecessary challenges and discrimination. One of the most significant issues is public perception. Many medical cannabis patients face judgment or misunderstanding from the public, which can result in social isolation or even outright discrimination. The misconception that all cannabis use is recreational or illicit contributes to this negative outlook, making it harder for patients to openly discuss their treatment or seek support. Employment is another area where stigma creates difficulties. Despite legal protections, employees who use medical cannabis may encounter prejudice or unfair treatment in the workplace. Employers who lack awareness or understanding of medical cannabis laws may view its use as problematic, even when it is prescribed for legitimate health conditions. This can lead to unnecessary workplace conflicts, job insecurity, or even wrongful dismissal. Stigma also extends into the healthcare system itself. Some healthcare professionals remain hesitant to prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) due to lingering biases or a lack of education on the subject. This reluctance can leave patients struggling to access the treatment they need, forcing them to seek expensive private prescriptions or, in some cases, go without medication entirely. Overcoming these societal barriers requires greater public education, stronger legal protections, and a shift in cultural attitudes towards medical cannabis. Legal Support Resources For patients seeking legal assistance, several law firms and organisations specialise in areas pertinent to medical cannabis use: Organisation/Law Firm Specialties Overview Seed Our Future Legislative Research, Education, Patient Support A national campaign organisation dedicated to legislative and historical research, education through open-source reports, lectures, and articles. They provide support to UK citizens affected by unjust laws and offer assistance to medical cannabis patients facing legal and discrimination cases. Ringrose Law Medical Negligence, Discrimination, and more Offers services in medical negligence and criminal defense, pertinent to medical cannabis patients facing related legal challenges. Their team is equipped to handle cases involving medical malpractice and criminal allegations. While our current list of law firms and organisations offering legal support to medical cannabis patients in the UK is limited, we anticipate its growth as more legal professionals gain a comprehensive understanding of medical cannabis law. As awareness increases and the legal landscape evolves, we are committed to expanding our directory to better serve patients’ needs. We encourage lawyers and solicitors with relevant expertise to contact us, so we can include their services in our list and collectively enhance support for the medical cannabis community. Medical cannabis in the UK remains complex due to limited support and persistent stigma. Organisations like Seed Our Future are essential in advocating for patient rights, providing education, and challenging unjust laws. Supporting such initiatives is crucial for fostering a more informed and compassionate approach to medical cannabis use. Note: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered legal advice. For specific legal concerns, consult with a qualified legal professional. Medical Cannabis Employment Medical Cannabis Housing Medical Cannabis Driving Seed Our Future Ringrose Law

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Medical cannabis patients in the UK who receive social care packages from their local authority can apply to have their cannabis-based prescription medicines (CBPM) costs assessed as Disability Related Expenditure (DRE). If accepted, this may reduce the costs of their social care charges but does not cover costs of the cannabis prescription. Understanding Social Care Charges Under Section 14 of the Care Act 2014, local authorities can charge for social care, but they must ensure that such charges are fair and transparent. A financial assessment will determine what an individual can afford, factoring in: The assessment will disregard: Claiming CBPM Costs as DRE Patients can request that their CBPM prescription costs be considered DRE. While many councils have predefined checklists of eligible expenses, additional items may also be considered if supported by evidence. Local authorities must follow the Care Act 2014 principles, which include promoting individual wellbeing, social inclusion, and independence. If prescription costs are not accepted as DRE, it could be considered a breach of the Act, especially if this impacts a patient’s wellbeing or independence. Supporting Your Claim To claim CBPM costs as DRE, patients must provide evidence demonstrating: Unfortunately, many councils may not accept evidence from medical cannabis prescribers and instead require support from a GP and/or healthcare consultant. Patients are encouraged to request a supporting letter from their GP or healthcare consultant, detailing the necessity of CBPM and its role in reducing other treatments, such as opioids. If Your Claim Is Denied If a local authority rejects your request to classify CBPM costs as DRE, you can: The Ombudsman can recommend remedies for councils to implement. While their recommendations are not legally binding, councils rarely refuse to comply. Ensure that all medical evidence is shared with the Council and the Ombudsman. Example Case In a recent case (LGSCO reference: 24 001 331), Brighton & Hove City Council was found at fault for mishandling a social care assessment. Patients can use such precedents to support their claims. In the recent review by the Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman (LGSCO), significant concerns were raised regarding how a council handled a patient’s request to include medical cannabis costs as Disability Related Expenditure (DRE): Implications This case highlights the importance of councils adhering to their legal duty to consider all relevant evidence and provide transparent justifications for their decisions. Patients who encounter similar challenges are encouraged to challenge such decisions through formal complaints and escalate them to the Ombudsman if necessary. Key Takeaways For further guidance: Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman: https://www.lgo.org.uk/ Care Act Statutory Guidance: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/care-act-statutory-guidance/care-and-support-statutory-guidance Medical Cannabis as Disability Related Expenditure Social Care Case Playlist by Cannabis is Medicine UK: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmL0L5mPiFAUwDl6bG51wPOu-53MGGQMo By understanding the process and advocating for your rights, you can ensure fair consideration of your medical cannabis prescription costs within your social care assessment.

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Scheduled for 25-26 June 2024 at the Barbican Centre in London, this event promises to be a pivotal gathering for industry leaders, policymakers, and enthusiasts.

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In August 2023 I was relaxing by the seafront in Plymouth with my sister on what should have been a pleasant day. Instead, around 10 minutes after taking my medication, two police officers arrived who refused to accept my medication was legal and proceeded to detain me for 6 hours. Following my arrest I realised just how widespread the challenges facing medical cannabis patients were and decided to join PatientsCann UK.  After my release, Devon & Cornwall Police admitted they were “ill equipped to deal with patients lawfully in possession of cannabis”. I liaised with the Diverse Community and Serious Organised Crime Branches where they have confirmed the force are implementing a number of packages, including training for frontline police officers in being able to identify genuine medicinal cannabis patients and clarification that a medical cannabis card is not required.  Despite the implementation of these packages, there are still a number of challenges that remain for medical cannabis patients, one such example is driving. Devon & Cornwall Police advised “If a positive test is obtained it is likely to lead to the arrest and detention of the driver on suspicion of being ‘unfit to drive through drink or drugs (S.5 RTA)’. Not until the individual has been through the ‘police custody experience’ would any lawfully defence such as a prescription be considered.” Devon & Cornwall Police were open for further engagement on these challenges, so I got in contact with Guy Coxall from Seed our Future. Guy is a court expert on Cannabis and the Road Traffic Act, and lead author on the Cannabis Industry Council guidance on Cannabis and Driving. He was very happy to join the discussions. I got back in touch with the force and a meeting was arranged at their Headquarters in Exeter on 4th January 2024.  At the meeting we were joined by a number of stakeholders from Devon & Cornwall Police including a Drug Expert Witness, Diverse Communities Officer, Road Traffic Officer and Drug Impairment Lead. Guy did a presentation on the Road Traffic Act and Swab Tests which generated a number of interesting discussions. In addition we touched on a number of other issues facing medical cannabis patients such as discrimination and hate crime risk, and employees of the force using their medication. We also received a number of interesting updates including the training package Devon & Cornwall Police developed being shared with 18 police forces, and processes being put in place so people in police custody can use their legally prescribed medication. Devon & Cornwall Police will share a report on their work so far. In the end we didn’t have time to discuss all points, and I think we all came away with more questions than answers! But the day set a foundation for future work with Devon & Cornwall Police, and PatientsCann UK and Seed Our Future will continue to work with the Force to address these issues. Our hope is that this work will continue to spread beyond Devon and Cornwall across the UK for the benefit of all patients.   Authored by – Sal Aziz

The post PatientsCann and Seed our Future Begin Work with Local Police first appeared on PatientsCann UK.

This membership is aimed to improve patient outcomes in the medical cannabis industry.

The post PatientsCann UK (formally Sanskara) Continues Their Membership With The Cannabis Industry Council first appeared on PatientsCann UK.